Which of the following terms is not typically used to describe perception?
Simple
Effortless
Unconscious
Complex
The stage at which neural processing occurs corresponds to which numerical step of the perceptual process?
1
2
3
4
When visual receptors receive the light reflected from a stimulus, they
transform the environmental energy into electrical energy
shape perception by the way they respond to stimulus properties
both transform the environmental energy into electrical energy and shape perception by the way they respond to stimulus properties
neither transform the environmental energy into electrical energy nor shape perception by the way they respond to stimulus properties
Which term best matches this definition: Placing a stimulus in a category that gives it meaning
Perception
Recognition
Sensation
Cataloguing
Lucy and Sarah both have encountered moths. Lucy came to the conclusion that she saw a moth based on the processes triggered by the moth's image on her retina, whereas Sarah came to the conclusion that she saw a moth based on her understanding of what a moth typically looks like in a book diagram. Lucy's conclusion relies on ___________ whereas Sarah's relies on _____________
Sensation; perception
Perception; sensation
Top-down processing; bottom-up processing
Bottom-up processing; top-down processing
Which of the following is NOT a relationship commonly studied by perceptual researchers?
The stimulus-perception relationship
The stimulus-physiological relationship
The physiological-perception relationship
The perception-behaviour relationship
What does the method of limits measure?
The threshold for stimuli
The adaptation curve of stimuli
The perceptual magnitude of stimuli
The interaction with stimuli
Humans can hear stimuli including and above 0dB, and can discriminate between sounds at least 1dB apart from each other. In this case, 0dB is the _______, and 1dB is the __________.
Absolute threshold; difference threshold
Difference threshold; absolute threshold
Physical stimulus; perceptual stimulus
Perceptual stimulus; physical stimulus
The increased sensitivity of rods compared to cones can be explained in part by
Neural convergence
Visual acuity
Lateral inhibition
Weber's law
The presentation of a standard stimulus assigned a certain value which is then used to assign a number to an array of other stimulus intensities proportional to this original stimulus is called _________, and the number for this intensity is called the __________
Magnitude estimation; perceived magnitude
Perceived magnitude; magnitude estimation
What is the problem of neural representation for the senses called?
The problem of sensory coding
The problem of population coding
The problem of specificity coding
The problem of sparse coding
Which of the following is NOT a component of the following equation: K = △L / S
Weber's fraction
Difference threshold
Intensity of stimulus
Steven's power law
How do receptive fields in optic nerve fibres differ from those found in the LGN?
They don't differ
Those in optic nerve fibres have circular centre-surround receptive fields, whereas those in the LGN have barred orientation-specific receptive fields
Those in the LGN have circular centre-surround receptive fields, whereas those in optic nerve fibres have barred orientation-specific receptive fields
Optic nerve fibres have much larger receptive fields than those in the LGN, but they are shaped the same
Which of the following is NOT a type of cortical cell?
Simple cortical cell
Complex cortical cell
End-stopped cortical cell
Binocular cortical cell
What does a 'feature detector' do?
Recognises specific facial features within the FFA
Fires in response to specific features of stimuli
Undergoes selective adaptation to measure contrast thresholds
Ensures that locations of features on the cortex correspond to locations on the retina
The selective adaptation experiment is measuring how a effect causes a result
Which of the following steps is NOT part of the method for selective adaptation?
Measure sensitivity to a range of one stimulus characteristic
Adapt to that characteristic vai extended exposure
Re-measure the sensitivity to the range of the stimulus characteristic and see how adaptation has changed perception
Adapt person to one orientation, using a high contrast grating
In the context of gratings, the angle relative to vertical can be changed to test for sensitivity to , whereas the difference in intensity can be changed to test for sensitivity to
What did Ungerleider and Mishkin's ablation research uncover about perceptual pathways in the brain?
The ventral pathway is responsible for object discrimination, and the dorsal pathway is responsible for identifying object location
The dorsal pathway is responsible for object discrimination, and the ventral pathway is responsible for identifying object location
When a case study, D.F., suffered damage to the ventral pathway she could match the orientation of a card to different orientations of a slot, but could not place it through the slot
When a case study, D.F., suffered damage to the dorsal pathway she could match the orientation of a card to different orientations of a slot, but could not place it through the slot
Research involving two functions whereby one person cannot do one function but can do the other, and another person can do one function but cannot do the other, according to their ablations, are termed
Double dissociations
Single dissociations
Ablation studies
Lesion studies
The parahippocampal place area, extrastriate body area, and fusiform face area are all examples of
Modules
Distributed representations
Plasticity
Dorsal pathways
Which of the following is NOT a main reason as to why object perception is challenging?
The stimulus on the receptors is ambiguous
Objects can be hidden or blurred
Objects look different from different viewpoints
Physical and Semantic regularities are not constant
Which approach to psychology stimulated the founding of the approach stating that the whole differs from the sum of its parts?
Structuralist
Gestalt
Psychoanalytic
Cognitive
In perceptual organisation, is the process by which visual elements are put together into units or objects
Which of the following is a property of the figure in the context of figure-ground segregation?
The figure is seen as behind the ground
The figure is seen as an unformed material without a specific shape at the points where it borders the ground
The figure is more memorable than the ground
The figure is always reversible with the ground
This image best serves as an example of which Gestalt principle of perceptual organisation?
Common region
Common fate
Similarity
Pragnanz
What is the name of the heuristic which states that we usually assume that light is coming from above due to environmental knowledge?
Top-down heuristic
Light-from-above heuristic
Physical regularity heuristic
Semantic regularity heuristic
Sarah is in the park when suddenly a big black dog comes running up to her for a pat. The image of this dog on her retina was ambiguous and could have matched that of a small black car, or another type of black animal. According to Helmholtz and Bayes, how did Sarah correctly identify this as a dog?
Sarah used the likelihood principle and Bayesian inference to determine that in a park, a dog is the most likely option for the image on her retina
Sarah used semantic and physical regularities of her environment and understood that dogs are usually contained in her scene schema of the park
Sarah used additive and subtractive colour mixing to determine that the image on her retina was most similar to the colour of a dog
Sarah used global image features such as the degree of openness and expansion of the image on her retina to determine that these properties best lined up with dogs
According to Treisman, what serves as the "glue" between the physiology of the what and where streams?
Attention
Illusory conjunctions
Chrissy mixes a paint that absorbs long wavelengths of light with a paint that absorbs short wavelengths of light. What colour is the resulting mixture?
Orange
White
Green
Purple
Chrissy mixes a light that absorbs long wavelengths of light with a light that absorbs short wavelengths of light and projects this mix onto a white surface. What colour is the resulting mixture?
The fact that there are three different cone pigments within the eye is an example of ________ evidence for ___________ theory
physiological; trichromatic
behavioural; trichromatic
physiological; opponent-process
behavioural; opponent-process
It has been proposed that the trichromatic theory describes processes taking place in __________, whereas opponent-process theory describes processes taking place in _____________
receptors in the retina; neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus
neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus; receptors in the retina
dark environments; bright environments
bright environments; dark environments
What type of colour deficiency is often tested for by using Ishihara plates?
Dichromatism
Monochromatism
Anomalous trichromatism
Polychromatism
Larry is doing research into how we perceive colour and finds that the eye can adjust its sensitivity to different wavelengths to keep colour perception the same as illumination changes. This finding is consistent with the process of _______, which helps to explain the phenomenon of ________
Chromatic adaptation; colour constancy
Colour constancy; chromatic adaptation
Lightness constancy; selective adaptation
Selective adaptation; lightness constancy
in the context of lightness constancy, when an object is illuminated evenly the lightness is determined by the of the object to the reflectance of surrounding objects
Pashmina is presented with an image of a yellow banana, and an image of a yellow raspberry. How is she likely to perceive the banana in comparison to the raspberry?
She will think the banana has a richer, more saturated colour than the raspberry
She will think the banana has a duller, less saturated colour than the raspberry
She will view the banana and raspberry as the same colour
She will see the banana as yellow, and the raspberry as red due to prior familiarity with these objects
Familiar size is a ________ depth cue, meaning it is based on _______
monocular; visual information from one eye
binocular; visual information from both eyes
monocular; visual information from both eyes
binocular; visual information from one eye
Marina is holding both of her arms out in front of her. As she moves her head sideways, she realises that the hand closest to her covers the hand that is further away. This is an example of which depth cue?
Deletion
Accretion
Motion parallax
Convergence
When Rachael looks at the tree in front of her, the image of the tree falls on corresponding points on the horopter. What does this mean?
The image seen is exactly the same in both eyes
The image seen is very different in each eye
If Rachael's eyes were superimposed on each other, the points on the retina at which the tree falls on each eye would overlap
If Rachael's eyes were superimposed on each other, the points on the retina at which the tree falls on each eye would not cross each other
Anna is looking at two objects in front of her. One is a tissue box, and behind this tissue box is a pencil case. The pencil case is on the horopter. Anna read in her psychology book that crossed disparity is likely to be occurring here, what does this mean?
The image of the tissue box is not falling on corresponding points, and the left eye will see the tissue box to the right of the pencil case, and the right eye will see the tissue box to the left of the pencil case.
The image of the tissue box is falling on corresponding points, and the left eye will see the tissue box to the right of the pencil case, and the right eye will see the tissue box to the left of the pencil case.
The image of the tissue box is not falling on corresponding points, and the left eye will see the tissue box to the left of the pencil case, and the right eye will see the tissue box to the right of the pencil case.
The image of the tissue box is falling on corresponding points, and the left eye will see the tissue box to the left of the pencil case, and the right eye will see the tissue box to the right of the pencil case.
Julia decided to go to the movies with her friend. They saw sharks in 3D, and had to wear special 3D glasses to see the movie. Julia tells her friend that the reason why they have to wear the special glasses is because there are two images being projected onto the screen, and these glasses allow one image to fall on the left eye and the other to fall on the right eye. Julia says that this is called stereopsis, and needs a number of additional pictorial cues to produce the illusion of depth in a 2D image. What is incorrect about these statements?
3D glasses do not project one image onto each eye, rather they project both images onto both eyes but at noncorresponding points to create retinal disparity
This effect is not called stereopsis, it is called absolute disparity
No additional pictorial cues are needed for this effect to take place
There are actually 4 images being projected onto the screen, with two falling on each eye at corresponding points to alow the eyes to use binocular depth cues
In order for the visual system to calculate disparity, it must compare the images of objects on the left and right retinas in pairs, for example matching the image of a cactus on both eyes. However, objects sometimes stimulate different points on each retina, which has raised the question of how our brain matches up these images and knows to categorise them as pairs. What is this question called?
The correspondence problem
Emmert's law
The disparity problem
Perspective convergence
Outside of the primary visual cortex, where are neurons that respond to absolute disparity likely to be found?
Dorsal pathway
Ventral pathway
V1
A1
Lily is in a room full of objects, such as phones, pencils, laptops, tables, etc. Each of these objects is at a different distance from Lily. When Lily completely extends her arm and holds up her thumb, she finds that the phone in the distance is exactly covered by her thumb. What does this tell us about the image of the phone on the retina?
It has a visual angle of approximately 2 degrees
It is the object that is the furthest away from Lily
It falls on the horopter
It is being viewed with binocular depth cues
Which of the following is NOT a component in the size-distance scaling equation?
Perceived size
Retinal image
Perceived distance
Actual size
law states that the farther away an afterimage appears, the larger it will seem
What optical illusion is this an example of?
Muller-Lyer
Ponzo
Ames room
Moon
The ________ explanation is where the top object in an illusion appears bigger than the bottom object due to depth information provided by converging railroad tracks that make the top object seem further away, despite them being the same size. This explains the _______ illusion
Conflicting cues; Ponzo
Misapplied scaling; Ponzo
Conflicting cues; Muller-Lyer
Misapplied scaling; Muller-Lyer
Why can't rabbits use disparity to perceive depth?
They are not smart enough
They do not have overlapping visual fields
They have overlapping visual fields
Their eyes are frontal
Which of the following is NOT a physical aspect of sound?
Sound waves
Frequency
Amplitude
Pitch
Periodic tones are made up of a variety of components. The component which is a pure tone with a frequency equal to the fundamental frequency is called the
Higher harmonic
First harmonic
Second harmonic
Fundamental harmonic
Removing a harmonic from a periodic tone changes the _______ but does not change the _______
waveform; rate of repetition
rate of repetition; waveform
fundamental frequency; higher harmonics
higher harmonics; fundamental frequency
An audibility curve indicates the threshold for hearing versus
Low fundamental frequencies are associated with pitches, and high fundamental frequencies are associated with pitches
Which physical aspect of sound is timbre most closely related to?
A tone's harmonic structure
A tone's pitch
A tone's frequency
A tone's amplitude
Francine and Roald are talking to each other after their perception lecture on hearing. Francine says that she reckons the perceived pitch of a sound is indicated by the place on the basilar membrane at which the most vibration is occurring. This best lines up with which theory of pitch perception?
Place theory
Temporal theory
Amplitude modulation theory
Vibration theory
Why is the basilar membrane sometimes referred to as a frequency analyser?
As the place of maximum vibration on the basilar membrane depends on frequency, it functions as a filter that sorts tones by frequency
Auditory nerve fibres on the basilar membrane fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone to indicate frequency
Stereocilia located on the basilar membrane are mechanically gated and organised in height order, thus indicating which frequency occurs where
The tuning curves of the basilar membrane become wider at higher frequencies, and the basilar membrane analyses this to produce the perception of pitch
Laura has been having trouble hearing. She decides to go to a specialist, who finds that her inferior colliculi are both damaged, meaning information cannot reach this area from the ear. Assuming the rest of her pathway from the ear to the primary auditory cortex is undamaged, which structure will information travelling from the ear get up to?
Medial geniculate nuclei
Superior olivary nuclei
Ipsilateral cochlear nuclei
Cochlea nucleus
Where can the belt areas be found in relation to hearing?
Surrounding the core region
Outside of the secondary auditory cortex
Outside of the primary auditory cortex
In the lateral geniculate nucleus
Chelsea is participating in a research experiment. The researchers are trying to determine how well people can locate sounds in the azimuth dimension. They get Chelsea to sit in a dark room and play her various sounds at various locations, each sound is played either towards the top of the room or the bottom of the room. The left-right position of the sound stays the same, and the distance of the sound from Chelsea also stays the same. After Chelsea completes the study, she receives $20 as compensation for her time. What is the main error with this experiment?
This experiment is not testing the azimuth dimension, it is testing elevation
The researchers did not control for individual differences in hearing between participants
Researchers are not allowed to provide money to people for completing research studies, as this is viewed as a form of bribery
To accurately test sound localisation in the azimuth dimension, the researchers should have used a combination of binaural and monaural cues
Sounds that fall in the cone of confusion have
A larger ILD than ITD
A larger ITD than ILD
The same ILD and ITD
Different ILD and ITD
Max is participating in a research study. The researchers want to determine the areas of the brain most responsive to pitch. Max is placed in an fMRI and listens to a pitch-evoking stimulus consisting of harmonics in a complex tone, and a noise stimulus which consists of a band of frequencies covering the same frequencies as the pitch-evoking stimulus. When the researchers look at the fMRI, what are they likely to find?
The areas most responsive to the pitch-evoking stimulus will be found in the anterior auditory cortex
The areas most responsive to the noise stimulus will be found in the anterior auditory cortex
The areas most responsive to the pitch-evoking stimulus will be found in the posterior auditory cortex
The areas most responsive to the noise stimulus will be found in the posterior auditory cortex
Primrose is listening to a bunch of different sounds and seeing if she can determine where they are without looking at them. Primrose knows that her brain is likely to be using a number of binaural cues to help her determine the location of these sounds. Which cue will be most useful when she is trying to determine the location of high frequency sounds, and why?
Interaural level difference, as her head will reduce the intensity of high-frequency sounds that reach the ear farthest from the sound source
Interaural time difference, as her head will reduce the intensity of high-frequency sounds that reach the ear farthest from the sound source
Interaural level difference, as high-frequency sounds travel fastest to the ear closest to the sound source
Interaural time difference, as high-frequency sounds travel fastest to the ear closest to the sound source
Milly is participating in a research study, where they are putting a mold in everyone's ears that changes the shape of the pinnae. Milly is asked to wear this mold for 20 days, and the researchers measure her ability to localise a sound along the elevation coordinate before wearing the mold, on the first day of wearing the mold, on the final day of wearing the mold, and right after removing the mold. What are the results likely to show?
Milly will not be able to localise sounds along the elevation coordinate while wearing the mold, as this localisation is dependent on the pinnae. When the mold is removed, she will be able to localise as normal
Milly will be able to localise sounds along the elevation coordinate to the same degree despite the shape of the pinnae being changed, as people use a variety of monaural cues to determine elevation.
Milly will still be able to localise the elevation of sounds on the first day of wearing the mold, but not to the same degree. However, after wearing the mold for 20 days, she will have improved localisation due to adaptation. When removing the mold and measuring localisation directly after this, her localisation will remain excellent.
Milly will still be able to localise the elevation of sounds on the first day of wearing the mold, but not to the same degree. However, after wearing the mold for 20 days, she will have improved localisation due to adaptation. When removing the mold and measuring localisation directly after this, her localisation will again be not very good, until about 20 days has passed to allow her to readapt to the new shape of the pinnae.
Which of the following is an example of physiological evidence for sound localisation?
There are neurons called coincidence detectors which only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously; the firing representing that ITD = 0
There are neurons called coincidence detectors which only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously; the firing representing that ILD = 0
When people hear sound coming from two areas, they perceive the sound as coming from the source that reaches the ear first
When people hear sound coming from two areas, they perceive the sound as coming from the source that reaches the ear last
Carol is watching the TV while her brother watches youtube on his phone. Her brother decides it would be funny to play the same program that Carol is watching on TV onto his phone. However, he can't get the timing to line up, and in reality, the sound coming from his phone is 1 second slower than the sound coming from the TV. Carol's dad then walks into the room with his eyes closed. The ability of her dad to recognise that the sounds are coming from different sources due to the fact that they start at different times is reliant on which principle of auditory grouping?
Onset time
Lagging heuristic
Location
Interaural time difference
Kylie is looking at a sound spectrogram for the word "had". She identifies three frequencies at which peaks occur. What are these called?
Phonemes
Formants
Acoustic signals
Resonant frequencies
When viewing sound spectrograms, the rapid shifts in frequency preceding or following formats are called , and these are associated with consonants
Why is it hard to design a machine that can perceive acoustic signals based on analysis of phonemes?
There is no simple relationship between phoneme and acoustic signal
The computational power required to design such a machine is higher than we can accommodate for with current technology
The acoustic signal associated with a phoneme is too stable and doesn't provide enough nuance for computers to decipher
Computers are too good at perceptual constancy, thus do not perceive acoustic signals in the way humans can
Research has highlighted that for the sounds /di/ and /du/, we perceive the /d/ in each sound as the same, despite the acoustic signal being different. This difference in acoustic signal is explained by which source of variation?
Coarticulation
Categorical perception
Phonemic boundary
Phonemic restoration
When two VOTs are presented on either side of the phonetic boundary, what does the listener hear?
Two of the same sound
A combination of the two sounds, for example /da/ and /ta/ combine to make /ga/
Two different sounds
Two combined sounds, for example /da/ and /ta/ combine to make /ga/ twice
Imogen is watching the TV. The news reporter is talking about the weather for the next week. When she says the words "farther away", her lips move in a way that matches "farther away", but the sound glitches, so that it is similar to if somebody said "barther away". What is Imogen likely to perceive the reporter as saying?
Imogen will not notice the glitch, and hear the reporter as saying "farther away" based on her lip movements
Imogen will notice the glitch, and hear the reporter as saying "barther away" based on this audio
Imogen will notice the glitch, and combine information from the visual and auditory system to perceive the reporter as saying "garther away"
Imogen will notice the glitch, but due to her previous knowledge on commonly used words in the English language, will perceive the reporter as saying "farther away"
In the context of phonemic restoration, the observation that showing longer words increases the likelihood of the phonemic restoration effect due to participants using the additional context provided by the longer words to identify the masked phoneme highlights the role of ___________ in speech perception
Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
The brain
The eyes
Which of the following is NOT an example of information we use to help us undergo speech segmentation?
Prior knowledge
Shadowing
Transitional probabilities
Statistical learning
Fran is a neuropsychologist working in a hospital and is visiting a new patient. She greets the patient, but they seem confused. When the patient starts speaking, their sentences are fluent and grammatically correct, but incoherent and difficult to understand. This patient is likely suffering from
Wernicke's aphasia
Broca's aphasia
Stroke
Word deafness
Which of the following is NOT an example of evidence that indicates plasticity occurs in speech perception?
Infants at 6 months old can tell the difference between sounds that create all of the speech used in the world, but by 12 months they have lot the ability to discriminate between sounds that do not appear in their language
Japanese infants at 6 months can tell the difference between /ra/ and /la/, but cannot do this at 12 months
American infants who were exposed to 9 months of Mandarin lessons via DVD were able to discriminate between Mandarin sounds at 12 months to the same degree as either Mandarin-speaking or 6-month-old infants
As they gain experience with their native language through social interactions and hearing people speak, infants become better at discriminating between phonemes that are distinguished within their language, and worse at discriminating between phonemes that are not distinguished
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