4. Chemical Periodicity

Noble gases do not participate in any chemical reactions.

These are a group of elements that have their outermost electron occupying their outer s or p orbital

These electrons have the greatest influence on the properties of elements

Adding an electron to an __ usually causes dramatic changes in the physical and chemical properties of the atom

Within a family of representative elements, atomic radii __ from top to bottom. Across a period, it __ from left to right.

It is a measure of the minimum amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from an isolated gaseous atom to form an ion with a 1+ charge.

For a given element, the first ionization energy is always __ the second ionization energy.

The first ionization energies generally __ from left to right across the period, and __ from top to bottom within a family.

Elements from Group __ are exceptions of the periodic trend of first ionization energies because __.

Elements with low ionization energies form __.

Elements with intermediate ionization energies form __.

Elements with very high ionization energies form __.

It is defined as the energy change when an electron is added to an isolated gaseous atom to form an ion with a 1- charge.

Species are isoelectronic when __.

Elements from the left side of the periodic table __ to attain noble gas configurations. By contrast, elements from the right side __.

Simple __ are always smaller than the neutral atoms. Conversely, simple __ are always larger.

Both cation and anion sizes __ going down a group.

Within an isoelectric series, ionic radii __ with __ atomic number because of __ nuclear charge.

It is a measure of the relative tendency of an atom to attract electrons to itself when it is chemically combined with another atom.

Elements with high electronegativities are often __ that gain electrons to form __; those with low are often __ that lose electrons to form __.

For representative elements, electronegativities usually __ from left to right across periods and __ from top to bottom within groups.

Electronegativities of the elements are expressed on a somewhat arbitrary scale, called the __.

Two elements with a large difference in electronegativities tend to react with each other to form __ compounds, whereas those with similar electronegativities tend to form __ bonds.

In simple ionic compounds, it is the number of electrons gained or lost by an atom when forming a compound. For single atom ions, it is the actual charge on the ion.

For the most electronegative element, __, the oxidation state is always __.

He discovered hydrogen which he prepared by passing steam through a red-hot gun barrel, and by reaction of acids with reactive metals.

It is currently not very economical to use solar power to continuously electrolyte water to produce hydrogen gas because __.

Hydrogen reacts with metals and other nonmetals to form binary compounds called __.

__ are binary compounds containing H- ions, formed when hydrogen gains one electron from an active metal. By contrast, __ contain H+ ions, formed when hydrogen shares electrons with another nonmetal.

__ are all basic because they react with water to form hydroxide ions, whereas many __ are acidic because their aqueous solutions contain hydrogen cations.

The primary industrial use of hydrogen gas is for the synthesis of __ by the Haber process.

He discovered oxygen in 1774 by observing the thermal decomposition of mercury (II) oxide, a red powder, to form liquid mercury and a colorless gas.

The earth - land, water, and air - is approximately __ % oxygen by mass.

Oxygen is __ soluble in water.

Oxygen forms oxides by direct combination with all other elements, except the noble gases and noble metals. Which of the following is not a noble metal?

Which of the following kind of metallic oxide has oxygen atoms with an oxidation state of -1?

Which of the following kind of metallic oxide has oxygen atoms with an oxidation state of -1/2?

Metals that exhibit variable oxidation states (mostly transition metals) react with a limited amount of oxygen to give oxides with __ oxidation states, whereas those that react with excess oxygen give oxides with __ oxidation states.

Oxides of __ are called basic anhydrides (or basic oxides) because many of them combine with water to form bases with no change in oxidation state of the __.

__ oxides are called acid anhydrides (or acidic oxides) because many of them dissolve in water to form acids with no change in oxidation state of the __.

Oxygen combines with __ to form molecular oxides.

__ oxides of nonmetals react with water to give solutions of ternary acids (which contain elements usually H, O, and another nonmetal).

The combination of basic anhydrides with acid anhydrides, with no change in oxidation states, form __.

It is an oxidation-reduction reaction in which oxygen combines rapidly with oxidizable materials in highly exothermic reactions, usually with a visible flame.

It is an oxide that shows some acidic and some basic properties.

It is a species containing one or more unpaired electrons, and are very reactive.

It is the process of heating an ore of an element in the presence of air.