polygonal cells
ecto/endodermal origin

spindle-shaped cells
mesodermal origin

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia;
Philadelphia Chromosome

Neuroblastoma

Burkitt's Lymphoma

Walker's Law

Two-hit hypothesis: Retinoblastoma

common mutated genes in cancer

protein products assist oncogene activity

multiple malignancies, develop at
a younger age, multiple primary
tumors of varying types
(syndrome? mutation?)

most common carcinogen?

pre-cancerous conditions in which malignancy is most likely to occur

competitive antagonist of estrogen receptor

cancers most seen in young adult males

cancers more frequent in older men

cancers most frequent in children

overexpression of PDFGB
(PDGF-B chain)

overexpression of HST1
(fibroblast growth factors)

amplification of FGF3
(fibroblast growth factors)

overexpression of TGF-A
(TGF-a)

overexpression of HGF

mutation/amplification of ERBB1, ERBB2
(EGFR, HER)

point mutation of FLT3
(FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3)

point mutation of RET
(receptor for neurotrophic factors)

overexpression/translocation of PDGFRB
(PDGF receptor)

point mutation in KIT
(receptor for KIT ligand)

translocation/fusion gene formation of ALK
(ALK receptor)

point mutation of ALK

point mutation of KRAS
(G protein)

point mutation of HRAS
(G protein)

point mutation of NRAS
(G protein)

point mutation of GNAQ
(G protein)

point mutation of GNAS
(G protein)

translocation of ABL
(nonreceptor tyrosine kinase)

point mutation of ABL
(nonreceptor tyrosine kinase)

point mutation, translocation of BRAF
(RAS signal transduction)

point mutation, translocation, gene arrangement of NOTCH1
(Notch signal transduction)

translocation of JAK2
(JAK/STAT)

translocation of MYC
(transcriptional activators)

amplification of NMYC
(transcriptional activators)

translocation of CCND1
(Cyclin D1)

Amplification of CCND1
(cyclin D1)

amplification/point mutation of CDK4
(cyclin-dependent kinase)