Biological Molecules - Biology

What do monomers join together to make?

Give 4 examples of polymers within the body?

What reaction occurs when monomers make polymers?

What reaction occurs when polymers break down into monomers?

Does a condensation reaction use water or form it?

Does a hydrolysis reaction use or form water?

When monomers join to make polymers it is a ____ _____.

When polymers break down into monomers it is called a _____ _____.

Give an example of a condensation reaction within the body?

What is a polymer?

Give an example of a biologically important polymer other than starch or protein?

What are the monomers that form Nucleic Acids called?

What are nucleic acids?

What chemical reaction forms amino acids from protein?

Monosaccharides are the monomers of what?

Name the 3 most common monosaccharides?

What are monosaccharides?

What are Disaccharides?

What are Polysaccharides?

What is a hexose sugar?

Give three examples of hexose sugars?

Glucose has two isomers.
What are isomers?

There are two versions of glucose what are they?

What is a glycosidic bond?

What does
OIL
RIG
stand for?

Reducing sugars ___ electrons.
Non-Reducing sugars don't.

A reducing sugar can cause another chemical to gain an electron.
True or False?

What is used to test for reducing sugar?

Benedict's Reagent contains copper (II) which is ___ when it is reduced by sugar it turns to copper (I) which is ___.

How do you test whether a substance is a reducing sugar?

what is deoxyribonucleic acid?

what is ribonucleic acid?

what does DNA hold?

what does RNA do?

what are ribosomes formed from?

both DNA and RNA are polymers of .......

what is each nucleotide formed from?

what are the components of a DNA nucleotide?

what are the components of a RNA nucleotide?

what does a condensation reaction between two nucleotides form?

what is a DNA molecule?

An RNA molecule is a relatively ____ polynucleotide chain.

Why is DNA analysis important?

What is a pentose sugar?

Two mononucleotides can join as a result of a condensation reaction between which two things?

If two mononucleotides join together with a phosphodiester bond what is there new name?

if more than two mononucleotides were to join together, what would it be called then?

what is the main difference between DNA and RNA?

IN DNA : Adenine and Thymine join together with two hydrogen bonds.
How many hydrogen bonds join Cytosine and Guanine?

If the DNA contains more Cytosine and Guanine what would this mean?

The two polynucleotide strands are anti-parallel (they run in opposite directions). How do they form a double helix?

Why is DNA a stable molecule?

Hydrogen bonds form bridges between the _______ ______.

As there are three hydrogen bonds between C and G pairings, a higher proportion of C and G pairings will give more _____ to the DNA molecule.

What does the structure of DNA allow?

Are the bases the same in RNA and DNA?

What is the function of RNA?

What is a polypeptide chain ?

DNA is the carrier of what code?

DNA is ____.
RNA is ____.

What is the test for a non reducing sugar?

what does water do in a hydrolysis reaction?

what is the most common type of bonding in monosaccharides?

all monosaccharides are reducing sugars true or false?

The disaccharide SUCROSE is made from the monosaccharides _____ and _____.

The disaccharide LACTOSE is made from the monosaccharides ______ and ______.

Glucose and Glucose are monosaccharides of which disaccharide?

What type of organism makes starch?

What type of organism makes glycogen?

Where is glycogen found?

What is the purpose of starch and glycogen in organisms?

Where is cellulose found and what is its job?

What solution tests for starch?

Glycogen is known as animal starch but what does that mean?

What are the following things used for in plants?

ALPHA GLUCOSE
STARCH
CELLULOSE
BETA GLUCOSE

Starch, cellulose and ____ are polysaccharides.

Alpha glucose is a monosaccharide found in _____.

Cellulose has a ____ function.

all polysaccharides can be hydrolysed.
give 3 examples?

Alpha and Beta Glucose can easily move in and out of cells by diffusion, why?

State two ways in which the structure of cellulose is different to the structure of starch?

When a nucleotide is made what takes place?

what does 3' and 5' tell you?

if the strand starts as 3' what does it end as?

why does DNA copy itself before cell division?

what is nuclear division?

cytokinesis follows nuclear division what is this?

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

what does the enzyme DNA helicase do?

DNA is copied by semi-conservative replication of DNA.
What is meant by this?

Name the two enzymes involved in DNA replication?

Briefly explain the semi conservative replication of DNA?

What does DNA polymerase do?

what was DNA Helicase do?

What word can be used to describe a mixture of oil and water, that has been shaken together to form tiny droplets?

what type of substance could we add to stop the oil and water separating into layers?

what word can be used to describe the molecules in vegetable oil that have carbon-carbon double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain?

what word describes a molecule without double bonds?

by what process can an oil be hardened to produce a solid fat at room temperature?

what are lipids (fats and oils) digested into by the enzyme lipase?

saturated means full.
what type of fat is saturated?

unsaturated fats are normally liquids, what do they contain?

What does hydrogenation mean?

What are the 4 roles of lipids?

why is a triglyceride called a triglyceride?

How many condensation reactions take place to form a triglyceride?

what is the main difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

Triglyceride are made of 4 molecules, if to be hydrolysed how many molecules would be made?

why is a triglyceride not a polymer?

in a triglyceride the glycerol is joined to the fatty acids using which type of bonds?

why is a triglyceride insoluble in water?

Phospholipids are similar to lipids except that one of the fatty acid molecules is replaced by a _____ ______.

fats and oils make up a group of lipids called _____ which, when hydrolysed, form ____ and fatty acids. A fatty acid with more than one carbon-carbon double bond is described as _____. In a phospholipid the number of fatty acids is ____ ____ ___ ___. These are described as _____ because they repel water.

What is the test for protein called?

what is the test for lipids called?

If the food sample goes purple when biuret reagent is added to it, what is present?

what happens when ethanol and water is added to oil?

what are the monomers of triglyceride?

what are the monomers of phospholipids?

how are triglycerides formed?

how does the structure of a TRIGLYCERIDE relate to its function?

How does the structure of PHOSPHOLIPID relate to its function?

Method of the biuret test?

method of the emulsions test?

insulin is a protein but what does it do?

Enzymes are a protein but what type?

collagen is a protein but what kind?

antibodies are a protein but what do they do?

what is the protein called that connects to oxygen to transport it around the body?

brief description of a structural protein?

brief description of catalytic protein?

brief description of signaling proteins?

brief description of immunological protein?

all amino acids have the same structure true or false?

what does an amino acid contain?

The r group can change into a possible.......

what happens if a weak alkali goes near an acid?

the condensation reaction that happens in proteins are called?

what is formed when more amino acids are added to a dipeptide?

what is a primary polypeptide?

what are the four levels of structure in a protein?

if a chain has less than 3 amino acids what is it called?

what is a chain with 3-100 amino acids called?

what is a chain called with 100+ amino acids?

secondary polypeptides contain peptide bonds aswell as ______ bonds. Alpha helix and ____ pleated sheets are also held together by hydrogen bonds therefore are examples of secondary polypeptides.

what bonds are present in a tertiory protein?

what is tertiory protein made up of?

what is the structure of a quarternary protein?

hydrogen bonds are involved in ..............

hydrophobic interactions between ........

disulfide bonds are ............

how would you use a biochemical test to show that a solution contained protein?

what does hydroxylating mean?

how do they know that dna replication is semi conservative?

what does ATP stand for?

State the 8 different forms energy comes in?

what two things can't happen to energy?

what is energy measured in?

What is the ultimate source of energy?

how many phosphate groups does ATP have?

In ATP the bonds are unstable what does this mean?

what is removed from living cells?

what is the equation for converting ATP to ADP?

why is converting ATP to ADP known as a hydrolysis reaction?

The conversion of ATP to ADP is a _____ reaction. Energy can be used to add an _______ _______ to ADP to reform ATP. Water is removed in this process and the reaction is known as a _______ reaction.

what does an ATP molecule contain?

What type of molecule is ATP?

Does ADP have more or less phosphate groups than ATP?

What does phosphorylation mean?

Photophosphorylation which takes place in ____ containing plant cells during ______. Light energy is used during photosynthesis to synthesise (make) ____.

Oxidative phosphorylation also synthesises ATP, it occurs in the _____ of plant and _____ cells during the process of _____ transport.

Another way of synthesising ATP is substrate-level phosphorylation. Which occurs in ___ and ____ cells when phosphate groups are _____ from donor molecules to ADP to make ATP.

In photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is ____ using energy released during the ____ of electrons along a chain of electron ____ _____ in either the chloroplasts or ______.

ATP is an immidate energy source for a cell meaning it cannot be ..........

Where is long term energy stored?

ATP is continually made in the mitochondria of cells such as .....................

Why is ATP a better energy source than Glucose?

Many reactions require an initial amount of energy to start. The minimum amount of energy needed to activate the reaction in this way is called the.......

if a molecule fits into an enzymes active site it has a ______ shape.

What is the induced fit idea?

Why is the induced fit idea better than the lock and key idea?

As the temperature increases the particles gain more ____ energy and move _____.

If there are more collisions between enzymes and substrates what happens?

The optimum temperature varies for different enzymes and different organisms however what is the optimum temperature for human enzymes?

when enzymes are above their optimum temperature what happens?

how do you calculate pH?

Enzymes operate within a narrow pH band, what happens if the pH changes from the optimum concentration?

80% of a cells content is.........

4 properties of water?

Water has a high specific heat capacity meaning what?

What does high latent heat of vaporisation mean?

cohesion is the tendency of molecules to stick together.
how does this help water transfer in plants?

Water in metabolism.
Which two reactions is it involved in?

water as a solvent - dissolves which 6 substances?

Water is a temperature control as it.......

water is not easily compressed therefore provides ____.

how does water being transparent help plants?

An ion with a positive charge is called a ____.

An ion with a negative charge is called a ____.

An inorganic ion is one which does not contain ____.

which two places are inorganic ions found?