Physio cycle 1 (part 2)

a. increased blood pressure

b. increased blood volume

c. increased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

d. decreased blood volume

e. decreased osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid

a. hyperglycemia

b. hypoglycemia (L-Dopa i dopamine, a-adrenergic agonists, encephalins, vasopressin, Low FFA in blood)

c. stress and sleep (REM)

d. physical excercise

a. acidosis (high pH)

b. increase concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes (+ increase pCO2)

c. increased temperature

d. decreased pH of blood

a. has low specific heat and therefore is a good source of heat storage

b. it can pass easily through NA channels

c. good solvent because of its polarity

a. protein can diffuse easily through membrane

b. depends on chemical gradient concentration

c. hydrophobic proteins cannot diffuse via membrane

a. contain immature hemoglobin that matures during first week after delivery

b. hemoglobin has higher affinity to oxygen


c. have small nucleus

d. contain less hemoglobin than mature erythrocytes

a. Cooling (decreasing of temp) of the in vitro preparation

b. Administration of immunoglobulins against human IgG (idea of indirect antiglobulin test/indirect Coombs test)

c. Enzymatic modification of molecules of the IgG immunoglobulins

d. Activation of the complete system performed by complexes antigen immunoglobulins IgM/IgG

a. Macrophages

b. Thrombocytes

c. Hematopoietic stem cells

d. erythrocytes

e. Memory B lymphocyte

a. Her RBC is approximately 3,5 mln/mm3

b. She is in state of dehydration

c. The client suffers because of anemia

d. The client is in a state of polycythemia

e. Her RBC is approximately 2,0 mln/mm3

a. 85% of erythrocytes comes from kidney and 15% from liver

b. it is synthesized in the kidney and next hydroxylated in liver in effect of hypoxia

c. Chemoattractant facilitates homing of blood progenitor cells in bone marrow

d. Bilaterally nephrectomized (removal of both kidneys) patients are able maintain proper erythropoiesis

e. EPO stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from cells of Colony Forming Unit of Mixed Lineages

f. G-CSF and interleukins 3 stimulates differentiation of erythrocytes from Colony Forming Unit of Mixed-Lineages

a. migrate among stem cell niches of embryo

b. possesses ability for self renewal, highly resistant to radio chemotherapy

c. HSCs are not able to differentiate into blood cells of lymphoid lineage

d. Migration of HSCs finishes after birth. Hematopoiesis is performed in axial skeleton + proximal parts of long bones -

a. Measurement of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

b. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes shrink erythrocytes

c. Fluids used for counting of leukocytes stain organelles of leukocytes

d. Counting of leukocytes requires previous staining of all blood cells

e. Hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

a. Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma decreases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

c. Normal ESR in healthy adult humans is usually lower than 10 mm/hour

d. ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

Assessment of ESR requires centrifugation of erythrocytes

b. Increase of globulins concentration and decrease of albumin concentration in plasma increases aggregating ability of erythrocytes. Due to this reason ESR rises

d) ESR increases during menstruation and after physical exercise

a. in concentrated solution of urea

b. in isotonic solution of glucose

c. in distilled water

d. in effect of dehydration (water-loss)

e. in 0,5% saline

a. RDW (red blood cell distribution width) is quantitative measure of MCV

b. MCV is an erythrocyte index expressing average volume of erythrocytes

c. C of hemoglobin in blood of healthy adult women ranges 12-16 g/dL

d. Standard erythrocyte due to its size + shape is not able to pass via capillaries which diameter is lower than 10 micrometer

a. it is secreted by plasmocytes in effect of immune response

b. it is any substance which is able to induce specific immune-response

c. it is secreted by T-lymphocytes in effect of immune response

d. able to activate complement system when bound by APCs

a. They have large, dark blue granules in their cytoplasm

b. they present antigens to immune competent cells

c. they account for 5-10% of all leukocytes of peripheral blood

d. their granules contain histamine, heparin and other chemicals involved in allergic and immune responses

a. it inhibits secretory processes

b. maintains proper functioning of cellular membrane transport

c. factor 4 of coagulation supports proper coagulation process

d. it modifies hemoglobin which reduces hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

a. high plasma of magnesium produces tetany

b. hypocalcemia produces tetany

c. tetany can be observed in people whose ventilation is depressed

d. tetany will be observed in people with elevated level of PTH in plasma

e. tetany can be observed in hyperventilating people

a. it can easily produce aggregation in standard environment of own plasma

b. it cannot pass through placenta

c. it can activate complement system

d. it has two antigen binding sites

e. it is a memory immunoglobulin

a. methemoglobin which is a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

b. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO2

c. carbaminohemoglobin, a form of deoxygenated hemoglobin bound by CO

d. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxygenated hemoglobin present in lungs

e. oxyhemoglobin, a form of oxidized hemoglobin dominating in erythrocytes of arterial blood

a. increases pO2 and decreases pCO2

b. increases concentration of 2,3 BPG in erythrocytes

c. decreases temp. + decreases C of glucose in hypoxic tissues

d. decreases pH of blood + increases-temp

a. it is prolonged in case of low plasma concentration of fibrinogen (Factor 1)

b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

c. depends on platelets count

d. depends on state of vascular wall

a. they can be activated by heparin. substrates for thrombin

b. Post-translatory modification of molecules of prothrombin factor 2 + 10 in liver depends on vitamin K

c. activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

d. They are plasma coagulation factors 1, 5, 8

e. They are proteolytic enzymes (serine-proteases)

a) They can be activated by heparin

b) They are plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X.

c) They are plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

d) Their activity is inhibited by inhibitors of cyclooxygenase

e) They are plasma coagulation factors XI, XII, HMWK -

Their activity is inhibited by coumarin-derivatives such as dikumarol and warfarin

a. begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor 7+3 coagulation -

b. begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor (3))

c. requires factor 12 for full activation of hemostatic process

d. requires calcium ions (+ PL)

a. agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh+ individuals after exposure to Rh- blood

b. hemagglutinins in ABO system are mostly IgM class

c. hemagglutinins in ABO system are inborn

d. in ABO system they are synthesized after immunization against antigen A + B commonly present in environment

a. the sequence of amino acids of both A and B antigens

b. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine into H antige

c. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of fucose onto A antigen

d. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of N-acetylgalactosamine onto D antige

e. enzyme transferase that catalyzes placement of D-galactose onto H antigen

nothing

a. nothing
b. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother at this time

c. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the mother after delivery

d. administration of anti D-immunoglobulin to the child if the child is Rh+

a. the child is the natural offspring of this couple

b. the mother is natural, the father is not the natural father

c. the father is natural, the mother is not the natural mother

d. blood type in ABO-system is A

e. blood type in ABO-system is B

f. blood type in ABO-system is AB

g. child is Rh-

h. child is Rh+

a. 0 %

b. 25 %

c. 50 %

d. 75 %

a. increases salt and water reabsorption in distal tubule

b. increases water reabsorption by insertion of protein of AQP2 in distal part of nephron

c. synthesized in posterior pituitary gland

d. produces vasoconstriction. Action is mediated receptors coupled with phospholipase C (PLC)

a. Acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

c. Is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

d. Elevates plasma level of glucose (+ FFA)

e. liberated from posterior pituitary gland

a. produces contraction of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

b. increase secretion of prolactin (gonadotropins + thyrotropin)

c. it’s secretion is elevated by progesterone

d. is produces in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

e. decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

a. muscarinic receptor

b. glycine receptor

c. nicotine receptor

d. GABAa receptor

e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

a. Is approximately 20% of total body

b. is approximately 20% of body mass

c. its volume can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

d. its main cation is MG2+

A. They are Ca2+ channels in T-tubules

B. They are Ca2+ channels present in Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

C. They are Ca2+ pumps

D. They are gated by Ca2+

E. They are gated by IP3

A. Main cation is Na+

B. Main cation is K+

C. Stands for 1/3 of the TBW

D. Stands for ~20% of Total Body Water

Blood plasma

Interstitial fluid

Intercellular fluid

Transitional fluid

a. N-cholinergic receptor

b. M-cholinergic receptor

c. GnRH ls ESPS

d. D2-receptor is IPSP

decreases with age

increases with age

most in men

TBW is 45/65 % of the body mass

a. Voltage gated Cl- channel

b. Cl- channel, gated with GABA

c. Activation leads to IPSP

Metabotropic receptor

Gated by Ca2+

Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

a. Muscarinic

b. EPO

c. insulin

d. growth hormone

• Nicotinic – Na+ (EC) (binds acetylcholine)

• GABAa – Cl- (EC)

• glycine – Cl- (EC)

• IP3 - Ca2+ (IC)

• Ryanodine - Ca2+ (IC)

• Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channels- ligand cGMP, cAMP, cGTP (Na+, K+)- (IC)

• Intracellular ATP receptors - K+ (IC)

a. They are membrane receptors that open after binding their agonist ligand

b. examples are: nicotinic receptor and IP3 receptor

c. examples are muscarinic receptor + insulin receptor

d. they are located in cellular nucleus

a. Activation of nicotinic receptor produces IPSP of postsynaptic neuron

b. activation of nicotinic receptor produces EPSP of presynaptic knob

c. it is chemically gated sodium channel (Na)

d. nicotinic receptors activated by GABA

e. Acetylcholine is a natural gated ligand for the nicotinic receptor

a. ICF is approximately 20% of Body mass

b. ICF is app. 2/3 of the TBW in healthy, non obese humans.

c. its main anion is bicarbonate HCO3

d. its main kation is K+

e. volume of ICF can be tested by intravenous infusion of insulin

a. hypertonic solution used for counting of leukocytes dilutes blood

b. counting of leukocytes requires previous hemolysis of erythrocytes

d. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC shrinks erythrocytes

e. fluid usually used for assessment of WBC stains organelles of leukocytes

a. Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults

b. Agglutinins are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes

c. Agglutinogens are present in plasma of neonates (newborns)

d. Antigens of the AB0 are found in various tissues

a. in effect of action of strong inorganic acids in organic solvents

b. in temperature higher than 60 °C

c. in 5% solution of Glucose -

d. in distilled water

e. in 0,6 saline

a. these cells play role in cellular immunity

b. they mediate humoral immunity

c. they develop entirely in bone marrow

d. in effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

a. chemotaxis

b. rolling

c. diapedesis

d. adhesion

Isovolemia

Isohydria

Isotonia

a. it depends on the ability of the molecule to dissolve in lipids

b. it depends on the chemical gradient

c. its rate of diffusion is directly proportional to surface area and inversely proportional to molecular size and thickness of membrane

d. requires special carrier proteins

a. Factor 2 (Prothrombin)

b. Fibrinogen

c. Factors 4,5,8,13

d. Factor 8 (fibrin stabilizing factor)

e. high molecular weight kininogen (HmWK)

a. is prolonged in treatment with antivitamin K (and diseases of liver)

b. depends on processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

c. depends on processes of extrinsic pathway

d. depends on platelets count (number of platelets)

e. depends on state of vascular endothelium

a. decreasing PO2 in plasma (hypoxia)

b. decreasing PH in Plasma (acidosis)

c. decreasing PCO2 in plasma

d. decrease in temperature

e. increasing PH in plasma (alkalosis)

a. a glycoprotein which controls production of erythrocytes

b. it is made mostly in liver

c. hypoxia is the main stimulus for EPO release

d. Adenosine antagonist stimulates secretion of EPO

a. Angiotensin AT1 – receptor is coupled with phospholipase C

b. Receptors coupled with Gs protein activate phosphodiesterase (PDE)

c. Epinephrine produces its intracellular effect decreasing of adenylyl cyclase

d. receptors for thyroid hormones are placed in plasma membrane

e. receptors for sex hormones possess DNA binding domains, there are transcription factors

a. Muscarinic receptor

b. Glycine receptor

c. Nicotinic receptor -

d. GABA-A receptor

e. Receptor with tyrosine kinase activity

a. acts through receptor related to Janus kinase

b. Is a water soluble amine hormone

c. is intensively liberated during NREM sleep

d. Elevates plasma level of glucose

e. is liberated from posterior pituitary gland

a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of female breast

b. increases secretion of prolactin

c. secretion is elevated by the progesterone

d. Is produced in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

e. Decreases contraction in vas deferens in males

a. It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes

b. It maintains proper functioning of membranes (trans-membrane transport)

c. It is factor II of coagulation, supporting proper coagulation process

d. It binds hemoglobin, reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen

a. movement/passage of blood cells, especially leukocytes, via intact capillary wall into interstitial space inflamed area

b. it is the movement of neutrophils and macrophages toward the source of some particular chemical substance.

c. It is a process which Is performed down concentration gradient of a chemotactic substance

d. It may be caused by the bacterial and viral toxins, degenerative products of the inflamed tissues and lymphokines.

a. produces contractions of myoepithelial cells of the female breast

b. is produced in the medulla oblongata

c. is liberated in effect of stimulation of mechanoreceptors in the uterine cervix

d. Produces relaxation of smooth muscle cells of most of vessels

a. Vasopressin, Calcitonin

b. GH, TSH

c. TRH,PIH parathyroid hormone

d. Prolactin, gonadotropins

a. N-Cholinergic receptor

b. Acetylcholine receptor

c. B-Adrenergic receptor

d. Folds of cardiac membrane

a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

b. Hyperglycemia

c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma

d. Physical exercise

a. Stimulated synthesis of calcitonin in intestine -

b. increases number and activity of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

c. ---ocytes, it up-regulates activity of cytosolic enzymes of and increases concentration of calcium binding…rising absorption of calcium ion from the lumen of intestine

d. Increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in kidney

a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of whole blood

d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved form in blood

b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

a. Hemorrhage

b. Anemia

c. Dehydration

d. Repetitive exercise

a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyltransferase

b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes

c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

a. It is prolonged in people treated with heparin (afibrinogenemia, factors 2,5,9,10,11,12)

b. It depends in the number of platelets

c. It tests processes of intrinsic pathway of coagulation

d. It depends on the state of the vascular wall

a. Depend on the equilibrium between plasma coagulation proteins and blood vessel

b. It tested by clotting time and APTT

c. Is tested by bleeding time

d. Is prolonged in individuals treated with inhibitors of cyclooxygenases (aspirin)

A. Increased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

B. Increased Blood Volume

C. Decreased Osmotic Pressure, Blood and Cerebrospinal Fluid

D. Decreased Blood Volume

E. Increased Blood Pressure

a. increased arterial pressure

b. hypoperfusion of kidney

c. decreased Nacl in the area of the macula densa

d. Activation of sympathetic system

a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

b. It shrinks erythrocytes

c. It stains organelles of leukocytes.

d. It stains erythrocytes.

e. It dilutes blood.

a. Low plasma level of magnesium.

b. High plasma level of calcium

c. High plasma level of calcium. And H^+

d. Acidosis (low pH)

e. Alkalosis (high pH)

a. PTH.

b. Calcitonin.

c. Glucocorticoids

d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

a. Carbaminians and carbaminohemoglobin.

b. Dissolved state.

c. Bicarbonate.

d. Carboxyhemoglobin

a) Is a part of the blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

b) Increases with increasing concentration of plasma globulins. (ratio of albumin/globulin)

c) Is proportionate to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood)

d) Increases with decreasing volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

a) Agglutinin are inherited proteins located on membranes of erythrocytes.

b) Agglutinins are present in plasma of neonates (newborn)

c) Antigens are found in various tissues in addition to blood.

d) Agglutinins are present in plasma of adults.

a. Antigens H are present on erythrocytes.

b. Antigens A are present on erythrocytes.

c). Antigens B are present on erythrocytes.

d) Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinines are present in plasma.

a) D antigen is the most antigenic (strongest) component of the system.

b) D antigen is the only antigen of the system

c) Antigens are proteins located only on membranes of erythrocytes.

d) Agglutinogens are synthesized in Rh-positive individuals after exposure to Rh-negative blood.

They are found on all nucleated cells, dendritic, macrophages, b-lymphocytes

b) They are found on antigen presenting cells

c) They are bound by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes

d) They are bound by helper T-lymphocytes

a) Damage of the cellular membrane followed by cellular lysis.

b) Increase of the vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

c) Chemotaxis and chemokinesis of the macrophages and neutrophils.

d) Phagocytosis performed by NK-cells

e) Degranulation of mast cells and basophils

f) Opsonization (facilitate phagocytosis)

a) Lymphocytes

b) Neutrophils

c) Basophils

d) Eosinophils

e) Megakarocytes

a) Invasion of a pathogen and development of the disease

b) Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

c) Passage of maternal immunoglobulins through placenta, with milk or colostrum

d) Parenteral administration of the ready-made immunoglobulins

a. Plasma coagulation factors II, VII, IX, X, C-protein, S protein

b. Plasma coagulation factors I, V, VIII, XIII

c. HMWK, prekallikrein

d. Plasma coagulation factors XI, XII

a. Activation of plasma coagulation factors X, II and I

b. Agglutination and coagulation of platelets

c. Contraction of the damaged vessel

d. Adhesion, activation, aggregation and granulation of platelets

a. Begins with exposure of collagen + activation of factor XII of coagulation

b. Begins with liberation of tissue thromboplastin (tissue factor)

c. Runs faster than intrinsic pathway

d. Requires calcium ions

a. They inhibit penetration of plasma proteins and inflammatory mediators through the vessel wall

b. They decrease the number of basophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes

c. They decrease the number of neutrophils

d. All answers are wrong.

a. It is a stem cell homing factors involved in the movement of hematopoietic cells from........... hematopoiesis) -

b. It is a hematopoietic factor that acts at different stages of stem cell differentiation

c. This protein mostly regulates proliferation of stem and progenitor cells during.....??!

d. This factor enables the homing of transfused stem cells in the bone marrow..

e. Specifically interacts with superficial stem cell receptor – CXCRA

a. PTH

b. Calcitonin

c. Glucocorticoid Steroids

c. Glucocorticoid Steroids.

d. Vitamin 1,25 (OH)2 D3 + thyroid hormones, GH

a. Low plasma level of potassium

b. High plasma level of potassium.

c. High plasma level of HCO3^-

d. Acidosis

e) High plasma level of HPO4^-.

a. After natural invasion of a pathogen and development of the response

b. Vaccination with separated antigens of microbes

c. Parenteral administration of ready-made immunoglobulins

d. Passage of maternal immunoglobulins via placenta, with milk or colostrum

a. It produces hemolysis of erythrocytes.

b. It shrinks erythrocytes.

c. It stains organelles of leukocytes

d. It stains erythrocytes.

e. It dilutes blood.

a. Water characterises with extremely high specific heat

b. It is a natural solvent and environment for all physiological and chemical processes occurring in human organism

c. Aldosterone directly increases water reabsorption in collecting duct

d. Main cation of intracellular water compartment is magnesium, main anion dicarbonate

a. Its volume can’t be assessed by intravenous injection of inulin or other colloid molecule -

b. Majority of water of TBW fills extracellular compartment of organism

c. It is usually 60% of the body weight of the young adult human and it tends to decrease with age

d. Water can easily pass through cellular membrane via common to all cells water channel – aquaporin AQP1

a. GnRH liberated from hypothalamus

b. Hyperglycemia

c. Decreased concentration of free fatty acids and glucose in plasma (Hypoglycemia)

d. Physical exercise - sleep, Dopamines

a. Peptide hormone synthesized in anterior pituitary gland

b. Its liberation is inhibited by stimulation of mechanoreceptors located in cervix of the uterus

c. Responsible for milk ejection in effect of contraction of myoepithelial cells

d. Produces contraction of smooth muscle cells of the pregnant and non-pregnant uterus

a. Affinity is inversely proportional to pH

b. Affinity is proportionate to the body temperature

c. Product of glycolysis in erythrocytes – 2,3 BPG decreases affinity of hemoglobulin for oxygen

d. High partial pressure of carbon dioxide – pCO2in plasma decreases affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

a. It is proportionate to plasma concentration of globulins

b. It should not exceed 15 mm/h in healthy adults. It is much higher in infectious diseases and cancer

c. It is a ratio of volume of all erythrocytes to the volume of the whole blood

d. It decreases after heavy meals and physical exercise

a. Only 5-7% of CO2 is transported in dissolved from in blood

b. More than 70% of CO2 is converted in bicarbonate in plasma of blood

c. Bicarbonate is formed from carbonic acid. Reaction is catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase of erythrocytes

d. Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxy- and methemoglobin

e. Carbaminohemoglobin is an example of reduced hemoglobin of red-brown colour

a. Hemorrhage (rapid loss of blood cells)

b. Anemia (loss of RBC)

c. Dehydration

d. Repetitive exercise

a. They have gene/genes coding for the sequence amino acids of fucosyl-transferase

b. They have no antigens on membranes of erythrocytes -

c. Both anti-A and anti-B immunoglobulins are synthesized after exposition to those antigens

d. Both anti-A and anti-B hemagglutinins are present in their plasma since their birth

a. Hypertonic solution of glucose

b. Organic solvents (soap, detergents, etc)

c. Distilled water

d. Hypertonic solution of sodium chloride

a. Anemia

b. Hypobilirubinemia

c. Decreased production of EPO

d. Death

e. Edema

a. They are mediators of humoral immunity

b. They are formed mainly in thymus

c. In effect of antigenic stimulation they form plasma cells which secrete immunoglobulins

d. They mediate cellular immunity

a) It maintains proper functioning of neurons and myocytes.

b) It maintains proper functioning of the cellular membranes (trans-membrane transport)

c) It is factor IV of coagulation supporting proper coagulation process.

d) It binds hemoglobin reducing hemoglobin affinity to oxygen.

a) Is a part of blood volume that is occupied by erythrocytes

b) Is significantly lower in individuals treated with aspirin

c) Is inversely proportional to RBC (number of erythrocytes in blood).

d) Is proportionate to the volume of erythrocytes (MCV).

a) Low plasma calcium level

b) High plasma calcium level

c) Low plasma phosphate level

d) High plasma phosphate level

e) Increased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

f) Decreased excretion of calcium and phosphate through kidneys

a) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

b) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from intestines

c) It increases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

d) It decreases reabsorption of Ca 2, from the nephron tubule

a) Against antigens of Rh system develop in childhood

b) In ABO system are mainly of IgM class.

c) In ABO system are inborn

d) In ABO system are synthesized after immunization with antigens A and B commonly present in environment.

a. 0,5% NaCl

a. 0,9% NaCl

c. Hypertonic (hyperosmotic) solution

d. distilled water

e. soaps and detergents

a. Concentration of the Na = ion range 135-145 mEq/L

b. Concentration of the Cl- range 3,5-5 mEq/ L

c. Most of water of ECF is located in plasma of blood. Volume of ECF is approximately 5,0

d. Concentration of proteins in interstitial fluid is lower than plasma of blood

a. 35% of caucasians and most africans are Rh negative

b. The indirect antiglobulin test is used to detect immunoglobulins coating / binding erythrocytes

c. Blood type B has gene coding for the sequence of amino acid of the B- antigen of their erythrocytes

d. humans with type 0 in ABO system possess antigen H located in membranes of their erythrocytes

e. the maximum concentration of immunoglobulins in ABO system is observed at birth -

a. it stimulates synthesis of calcium binding protein (CBP) in intestines

b. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 25- hydroxylation in liver

c. its final active form is produced by the enzymatic process of 1 alpha- hydroxylation in kidneys

d. it originates from 7- dehydroaldosterone treated with ultraviolet rays in skin

a. it can easily produce aggregation of erythrocytes in environment of own plasma

b. it has two antigen- binding sites

c. it is a memory immunoglobulin

d. it is not able to cross blood - placenta barrier

e. it can bind complement

f. it is commonly found in fetal blood: it is called natural or inborn immunoglobulin

a. 0,6% saline

b. detergents

c. hypertonic glucose solution

d. hypertonic sodium solution

a. IP3

b. GABA

c. ryanodine

d. dhp

e. m3

a. Induces cell membrane Lysis via membrane Attack complex (MAC)

b. Induced by IgG

c. Leads to faster phagocytosis by macrophages

d. Increase vascular permeability

e. C5a leads to increased Chemotaxis

a. In high pH (alkalosis)

b. In temperature higher than 60°C.

c. In 5.0% solution of glucose

d. In distilled water.

e. In 0.2% saline

a. N-acetylogalatktoaminyl transferase catalyzing attachment of N-acetylogalactotiamine to H antigen

b. D-galactosyl transferase catalyzing attachment of isomaltose to H antigen

c. Fucose transferase catalyzing attachment of fucose to H antigen

d. D-galactose transferase catalyzes attachment of D galactose to D antigen

e. all ansers are incorrect