Which of following statements properly describe characteristics of facilitated diffusion?
In facilitated diffusion, membrane carriers enable movement of molecules through the cellular membrane against concentration gradient
Particular membrane carrier is able to transfer one particular type of molecules soluble in water
Facilitated diffusion characterizes with finite rate of transfer of substance defined as maximum saturation
Water molecules pass from the cell of the collecting duct to its lumen through the system of facilitated diffusion called AQP2
Which of the following statements properly describe agglutination:
Administration of aspirin slows the process of agglutination
Agglutination is in vitro phenomenon resulting from an interaction between the agglutinogen and agglutinin
Gamma globulins of IgM class easily agglutinate erythrocytes in room temperature
Agglutination is slowed by albumin molecules
3. Which of following statement concerning active transport are true?
Na/K ATP-ase exchanges 2 sodium ions for 1 potassium ion. Each such exchange requires two ATP molecules
Co-transportation of glucose and sodium ions requires previous action of Na/K ATP-ase. Such the mechanism is an example of secondary active transport
Calcium ions are actively pumped into cellular cytosol by the calcium ATP-ase. This mechanism maintains higher concentration of calcium in cellular cytosol than in ECF
Active transport mechanisms are able to move substances against concentration gradient
4. Which of following statements properly describes beta-adrenergic receptors?
B-adrenergic receptor is a ligand-gated channels
Actively of some adrenergic receptors brings EPSP to the postsynaptic membranes
Beta-adrenergic receptors initiate transduction resulting with activation of adenylate cyclase
Activation of beta-adrenergic receptors up-regulates synthesis of cAMP
Which of following statements concerning thromboxane A2 (TxA2) are true?
It activates fibrinolysis
TxA2 activates platelets- it intensifies their degranulation (release of the content of granules).
It prevents aggregation of platelets
It mediates vascular contraction
Which of following statements properly concern eosinophils?
They migrate in large number into tissues infected by parasites where they release hydrolytic enzymes
They release heparin, histamine as well as small quantities of bradykinin and serotonin
They belong to the adaptive immune system. They are not able to phagocyte
They aggregate in tissues where allergic reactions occur, (peribronchial tissue in people with asthma).
They exhibit chemotaxis
Which of following statements concern G-protein coupled receptors?
G-protein coupled receptors hydrolyses GTP, transferred from G-protein to the binding site of the receptor
Muscarinic receptor is an example of G-protein coupled receptor
All adrenergic receptors belong to family of G-protein coupled receptors
G-protein coupled receptors are metabotropic, they initiate formation of second messengers: cAMP or IP3
Actions of Heparin are:
it inhibits activity of plasma coagulation factors I and IV.
it activates natural anticoagulant protein of plasma- antithrombin III
it inhibits activity of activated Stuart factor and thrombin (factors X and II)
It intensifies adhesion and degranulation of platelets
It intensifies proteolytic degradation of plasminogen
Which of following receptors are ionotropic receptor for cations?
IP3 receptor
Ryanodine receptor
Glycine receptors
GABAA receptor
Nicotinic receptor
10. Put following cations of the extracellular fluid ECF in proper order; Being from the most concentrated; Select one;
Magnesium-sodium-calcium
Potassium-sodium-calcium-magnesium
Potassium-calcium-magnesium-sodium
Sodium- potassium-calcium-magnesium
Sodium -calcium- potassium- magnesium
Which of following sentences are true?
immunoglobulins against antigen D of Rhesus system develop in childhood
Immediately after birth the quantify of agglutins in the plasma of the newborn is almost zero
Immunoglobulins against ABO blood type is produced by the fetus before their birth
Agglutinins in ABO system are produced in effect of immunization against antigens A and B commonly present in environment
Muraminidase: = Lysozyme
it is a part of innate immune response
It activates complement cascade
It is an enzyme that performs bacterial lysis
It is present in plasmocytes
Find right sentences concerning transportation of CO2 in blood;
5-7% of all the CO2 is transported physically dissolved in blood
50% of C02 is converted to bicarbonate. Process is catalyzed angiotensin converting enzyme.
All the bicarbonate produced in erythrocytes and exchanged for chloride. It is called Hamburger’s phenomenon.
Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, forming carboxyhemoglobin
In Rhesus system of blood;
D antigen the oligosaccharide bound to the cellular membrane
D antigen is the most immunogenic (the strongest component of the system
All antigens of the Rhesus system are proteins located only on membranes of erythrocytes
Agglutinins are synthesized in RhD-negative individuals after exposure to RhD- positive blood
Which of following events DO NOT match the signal transduction of G protein coupled receptor.
Autophosphorylation of tyrosine residues of B-subunit of the receptor B-subunit phosphorylates other proteins
Binding of the ligand to its native receptor, receptor activates
Receptor interacts with G protein to promote a conformational change and the exchange of GDP to GTP
Subunits of G protein interact with their appropriate enzymes, activating various second messenger pathways and other effector proteins
16. Which of following results of blood tests may suggest improperly low activity/ concentration of thrombin?
prolonged time of the clotting time test
prolonged prothrombin time
prolonged time of bleeding time test
prolonged time of Rumpel-Leede test
Oxytocin
it produces contraction of cells of the deferent duct
it upregulates synthesis IP3 in smooth muscle cells of the uterus
It is responsible for milk ejection due to contraction of myoepithelial cells
It has galactopoietic activity- it stimulates production of milk
Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol) are;
rise of liberation of histamine from mast cells
rise of gluconeogenesis
rise of plasma concentration free fatty acids
intensification of catecholamine dependant bronchodilation
Which of following statements concerning coagulation are proper:
Thrombin dependent factors are factors I, II, X and XII
Thrombin is a proteolytic enzyme catalyzing conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin.
Vitamin K is necessary in process of post-translatory modification of prothrombin in liver.
Exposition of thrombin to fibrin degradation products accelerate coagulation
Hemoglobin-oxygen dissociation curve shifts to the left due to: left = increased affinity
Decline of the temperature.
Rise of 2,3 BPG.
Impulses from carotid bodies.
Rise of pH.
Hypercapnia (rise of pCO2)
Actions of heparin are:
It inhibits activity of plasma coagulation factors I and IV.
It activates natural anticoagulant protein of plasma – antithrombin III.
It inhibits activity of activated Stuart factor and thrombin (factors X and II).
It intensifies adhesion and degranulation of platelets.
It intensifies proteolytic degradation of plasminogen.
Find true statements concerning vasopressin:
It increase water reabsorption from the collecting duct via AQP2 up-regulated after hormone binds to VP1 receptor
In smooth musculature of vessels, it up-regulates synthesis of IP3 in smooth muscle cells, eliciting contraction.
It’s plasma level rises in effect of decreasing osmotic pressure of blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
Decompression of baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch increases liberation of that hormone.
It inhibits complex of thirst.
5-7 % of all the CO2 is transported physically dissolved in blood.
40 % of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate. Process is catalyzed carbonic anhydrase
Part of CO2 is reversibly bound to hemoglobin, such a molecule is called carbaminohemoglobin.-
All the bicarbonate produced in erythrocytes is exchanged for phosphate. It’s called Hamburger’s phenomenon
in facilitated diffusion, membrane carriers enable movement of molecules through the cellular membrane against concentration gradient
Particular membrane carrier is able to transfer one particular type of molecules soluble in water.
Facilitated diffusion characterizes with finite rate of transfer of substance defined as maximum saturation.
Lactoferrin:
It is a part of innate immune response.
It activates complement cascade.
It is an enzyme of saliva binding iron necessary for proliferation of microbs.
It is an enzyme of saliva reducing Fe2+ toFe3+.
Which of following receptors are intracellular ionotropic receptor for cations?
P3 receptor.
Ryanodine receptor.
Glycine receptors.
Nicotinic receptors.
Action of glucocorticoids (cortisol) are:
It up-regulates liberation of histamine from mast cells.
It intensifies gluconeogenesis in liver.
It down-regulates number of lymphocytes and eosinophils.
It intensifies catecholamine-dependent bronchoconstriction
It increases GFR
Which of following statements properly describes beta-adrenergic (β-adrenergic) receptors?
β-adrenergic receptor is a ligand-gated channels.
Activity of some adrenergic receptors brings fEPSP to the postsynaptic membranes.
Beta-adrenergic receptors initiate transduction resulting with activation of adenylate cyclase.
Activation of beta -adrenergic receptors up-regulates synthesis of cAMP.
Put following cations of the extracellular fluid (ECF) in proper order. Begin from the least concentrated:
Sodium-potassium-calcium- magnesium
Sodium- calcium - potassium - magnesium
Potassium-sodium-calcium- magnesium
Magnesium-calcium-potassium-sodium
