Which of the following is responsible in a feedback system for comparing the rate of activity or the level of product to a set point for the body?
Sensor
Integrator
Effector
Which of the following is an example of antagonistic competition?
Sodium flurooacetate creating flurocitrate which binds to aconitase instead of it's normal ligand, citrate, and inhibiting the enzyme
Phosphorylating the enzyme pyruvate kinase, inhibiting the enzyme until a phosphatase reactivates it later
AMP binding to phosphofructokinase-1 which helps activate the enzyme in times of low energy
Morphine binding to opiod receptors in the body, producing the same effects but binding instead of the natural opiods the body produces
Which of the following is an example of how the body can endogenously provide its own molecular building blocks?
diet
symbiotic organisms (natural flora)
de novo synthesis
Monosaccharides are held together with...
Glycosidic bonds
Ester bonds
Peptide bonds
Phosphodiester bonds
Hydrogen bonds
Covalent bonds
Which of the following protein structures include alpha-helices and beta-sheets?
primary
secondary
tertiary
quaternary
Which of the following is not a function of nucleic acids and a proteins? (not a function of both?)
Structure
Catalyst
Chemical messengers
Solubility barrier
What bonds hold DNA structures together (double helix)?
The difference of a cell based on the location that you are in in the cell is referred to as
Size
Polarity
Responsiveness
Differentiation
Which of these abilities is special to stem cells?
Ability to self renew
Ability to differentiate into specialized cells
Neither
Both
Which of the following is an example of an active symport transportation?
Glucose moving across the membrane
Na/K pump
Na/amino acid transporter
ATP Synthase
What organelle's outside membrane is continuous with rough ER?
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Polyribosomes are...
multiple ribosomes attached to 1 strand of mRNA, responsible for creating proteins to be sent outside the cell
multiple ribosomes attached to the rough ER, responsible for intracellular proteins
multiple ribosomes attached to rough ER, responsible for creating proteins to be sent outside of the cell
multiple ribosomes attached to 1 strand of mRNA, responsible for intracellular proteins
What is responsible for the addition of carbohydrate chains to proteins or for multi-subunit protein assembly?
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Which of the following aids in defending against infections?
Vacuoles
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
2 pyruvate, 1 NADH, 1 ATP
3 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2
4 NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, 2 FADH2
What are the products of Krebs Cycle?
What does adenylate cyclase do?
convert ATP to ADP
convert ATP to AMP
convert 2 ADPs to AMP
convert ATP to cAMP
During oderant signaling, what happens to depolarize the membrane?
opening of Na/Ca2+ channels
opening of Cl- channels
Opening of Na/K pumps
Opening of Na/Ca2+ channels AND Cl- channels
Opening of Na/K pumps AND Cl- channels
Which of the following will inactivate the oderant signal?
hydrolysis of cAMP
hydrolysis of AMP
Restoration of potassium ions
phosphorylation of adenylate cyclase
What is different about estrogen and glucocorticoid signalling?
1) it uses ligand-activated transcription factors
2) It doesn't go through GPCR
3) It bypasses external protein receptors
1) and 2)
2) and 3)
All of the above
What is VEGF used in response to?
It is used to relax contracted respiratory muscles
It is used to maintain and expand the capacity of vascular systems
It is used to regulate fluid and electrolyte balance
it is used to regulate appetite
What best describes the pathway for VEGF?
GPCR activates AC which produces cAMP which activates ion channels that allow for depolarization
tyrosine kinase is activated and phosphorylates intracellular proteins which leads to an increase in calcium and an activation of transcription factors
GPCR is activated which leads to an activation of AC which leads to cAMP increases that activate kinases that leads to a drop in calcium
What leads to the muscle relaxation in the pathway following epinephrine binding to GPCR?
drop in calcium
decrease in cAMP
dephosphorylation of muscle proteins
In the ADH pathway, what does the activation of protein kinases lead to?
phosphorylation of muscle cells
Release of growth hormone
transcription of aquaporin-2 gene
opening of ion channels
What does the release of intracellular calcium in the ghrelin pathway ultimately lead to?
muscle contraction
the release of GH (growth hormone)
depolarization of the membrane
influx of water
What do sequential phosphorylation by MEK/ERK pathways activate?
RNA polymerase
transcription factors
Myc and fos are activated by which receptor?
Growth factor receptor
VEGF
Vasopressin 2
What occurs during G1 phase?
chromosomes are replicated
transcription ceases
ATP is restored in preparation of distribution of chromosomes and organelles
ATP is accumulated while the cell grows in size
What are cyclins/Cdk important in?
1) transitioning between phases in the cell cycle
2) acting as an aid in the "checkpoints" for the cell cycle
3) phosphorylating the checkpoints in the cell cycle
1 and 2
2 and 3
all of the above
What are mitogens?
1) growth factors that promote entry into the cell cycle
2) signalling agents that increase cyclin D gene expression
3) signalling agents that prevent cyclin D breakdown
What ability does RNA polymerase have that differs from other polymerases?
The ability to transcribe several different RNA strands at once
The ability to detect and repair mismatches
The ability to attach directly to ribosomes
The ability to synthesize both DNA and RNA
Which of the following is not a consequence of DNA damage?
DNA repair
Cell Cycle arrest
Transcription of an incorrect protein leading to protein repair
Apoptosis/Necrosis
Cell Growth
How is the endonuclease enzyme used in DNA repair?
It flanks the site of the DNA damage to help isolate it
It clips out the DNA via dual incision
It fills the gap with correctly paired bases
It recognizes the damage and alerts the rest of the cell
Which of the following properties of a muscle refers to the muscle's ability to stretch beyond its normal resting length to a certain degree?
Contractility
Excitability
Extensibility
Elasticity
What is the best example of parallel-elastic component in a single muscle system?
The tendons lying next to the muscle
The sarcolemma of the muscle
The agonist muscle of a system
The antagonist muscle of a system
What forms the multinucleated synctium?
myofibrils merging to form myoblasts
myoblasts merging to form myotubes
myofibrils merging to form myotubes
myoblasts merging to form myofibrils
What is the midpoint of the sarcomere?
A band
I band
H zone
M line
Z line
What is the length of the thick filaments?
What is the distance between adjacent thick filaments in a sarcomere called?
Z lines
H zone/band
What is the lines in the middle of the I bands that form the ends of the sarcomere?
What is the region in between thin filaments?
What is the purpose of alpha-actinin?
To attach thin filaments to Z lines
to act as a template for the formation of the thin filament
to connect thick filaments to Z lines
to prevent the sarcomere from being pulled apart
What is the purpose of nebulin?
To act as a template for formation of the thin filament
To connect thick filaments to Z lines
To prevent the sarcomere from being pulled apart during muscle stretching
What prevents the sarcomere from being pulled apart during muscle stretching and also anchors the thick filaments to the Z line?
alpha-actinin
nebulin
titin
What allows for the myosin head to attach to the actin?
increase in calcium
dissociation of ADP and P from the myosin head
the binding of ADP and P to the myosin head
The dissociation of ADP and P from the myosin head allows the myosin head to do what?
allows the myosin head to attach to actin
allows the myosin head to undergo a power stroke, which moves the actin muscle through a contraction
allows the myosin head to reattach to the actin filament
What allows the myosin head to detach from the actin filament?
the presence of calcium
the dissociation of ADP and P
the reattachment of ADP and P
What does aponeurosis refer to?
Dead muscle
Dead skin
A very broad tendon
A very small tendon
What does an agonist muscle do?
A muscle that produces an action when it contracts
It relaxes when the prime mover contracts, acting in opposition
It provides elastic support for the prime mover
An influx of sodium will lead to a...
depolarization
repolarization
hyperpolarization
The resting membrane potential is _____________ compared to the outside.
negative
positive
A motor unit is...
a single muscle fiber
a muscle neuron
a muscle neuron and all of its attached fibers
a muscle fiber and all of its attached neurons
What does the binding of ACh enact in a muscle cell?
The release of sodium
The release of chlorine
The release of potassium
The release of calcium
What is DHPR responsible for?
receiving ACh
opening in response to membrane depolarization and activating RyR
activating SERCA and allowing for the uptake of calcium
allowing the action potential to enter the muscle cell
opening the sarcoplasmic reticulum and releasing calcium into the cell
Isotonic is...
a contraction of a constant load
a contraction of a constant length
High myosin ATPase activity, high shortening velocity, and rapid fatigue are common of which types of fibers?
fast
slow
oxidative
glycolytic
Low intensity exercise affects...
glycolytic fibers
oxidative fibers
Atrophy of muscles is a result of all of the following except
aging
disease
inactivity
Every third amino acid in collagen is...
glycine
lysine
proline
glutamine
Procollagen is...
a regulatory protein of water
a carb that provides lubrication and spacing between fibers
a peptide needed to inhibit the self-assembly of collagen molecule they are exported out of the cell
a shock absorber for collagen
Healing a tendon results in all of the following except
increased vascularity
collagen degeneration
collagen organization
fibroblast proliferation
