2. Identify right statements concerning pain pathways
a) fast pain fibers of the spinal cord liberate excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
c) upon entering the spinal cord fast and slow pain fibers synapse with the same population of neurons
b) most of slow pain fibers finish in reticular formation, rectal area and perpendicular grey region
d) paleospinothalamic tract transmits impulses concerning quality, intensity and location of pain
3. Nociception is NOT conducted by:
a) lateral spinothalamic tract
b) The same pathway as the sense of vibration and line,
c) The same pathway as the input from thermo receptors
d) Anterior spinothalamic tract
4. Tapping of patellar elicits reflex contraction of quadriceps muscle, Which of following precedes contraction of quadriceps femoris?
a) Ia afferents from quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of
b) Ib afferents from Golgi tendon organ increase their rate of firing
c) alpha-motor neurons innervating extradural muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
d) gamma-motor neurons innervate intrafusal muscle increase their rate of
e) The alpha-motoneurons to the antagonist muscles increase their rate of firing
5. Which of following are elements of reflex arc of the inverse stretch reflex?
a) Inhibitory interneuron of the spinal cord
b) Gamma motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
c) Golgi tendon organ
d) Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending e9
e) Alpha-motor neuron innervate extrafusal skeletal mus
f) C fiber collecting input from the muscle spindle
g) Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type La sensory fiber
6. Pyramidal pathway are essential for which of the following activities:
a) Speechandwriting
b) Respiratory movements of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
c) Motor activities performed with hands and fingers such as taping keyboards
d) Diadochokineasia
e) Kinesthesia and stereoagnosia
Match properly thalamic nucleus with its normal function:
a) Ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPL nucleus ) -Somatosensory afference
b) Lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) - Vision
c) Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) - Rubrospinal tract
d) Midline and intralaminar thalamic nuclei - Slow diffused pain
15. Identify THE FIRST + LAST stage of phototransduction of rods right after absorption of light:
a) Hyperpolarization and photoreceptor - last stage
b) Activation of transduction - fist stage
c) Increase of the concentration of cGMP - first stage
d) Changing of the retinal configuration from the cis-form to the more energetic transform - first stage
e) Closure of the cGMP-dependent Na+-channel - last stage
f) Reduction of the concentration of cGMP - last stage
-16) Visual acuity:
a) In the nearest point to the eye at which an object can be brought to into clear focus by accommodation
b) Is related to the smallest angle by which two points can be separated and still perceived as two points
c) Is determined by the perimeter
d) Is interfered by defects of accommodation
e) Is determined by ophthalmoscope
17. Identify cells which are NOT elements of the visual pathway:
a) Bipolar cells
b) Cells of the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
c) Cells of the medial geniculate body of the thalamus - Auditory pathway
d) Small retinal cells
e) Purkinje cells
18. Find right statement concerning audition:
a) Frequency of vibration of basilar membrane differs from vibration of eardrum
c) Outer hair cells of the cochlea help to discriminate loudness of the sound
d) Inner hair cells of cochlea function as detectors of the tone pitch
e) Tone of 20kHz produces vibration of the entire basilar membrane
b) Apical part of basilar membrane resonate most in response to tone of 200Hz
-19. Identify right statements concerning ß-rhythm appearing on an EEG recording:
a) It is present in awake patient with eyes open
b) It is made of low frequency high amplitude waves frequency is 8-12 Hz
c) It forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording
d) It is recorded during REM sleep
e) It disappears from the EEG recording after closure of eyes
20. Right LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) is entered by input from
a) Temporal half of the left retina
b) Temporal half of the right retina
c) Nasal half of the left retina
d) Nasal half of the right retina
e) Both left hemiretinas (left half of both retinas)
21. In conductive loss of hearing (conductive deafness) of the healthy ear:
a) In Weber test, sound is heard louder by the healthy ear
b) Rinne test of the healthy ear is positive
c) Patients hearing of healthy ear is longer than examiners in Schwabach test
D) Air conduction of healthy ear is better bone conduction Vibration in ear
c) Thesamepathwayastheinputfromthermoreceptors...
11. Which is true about hearing:
b) Apical part of the basilar membrane vibrates from sound of frequency 200 Hz.
c) Middle ear amplifies the sound.
d) Inner hair cells detect the frequency of sound.
e) Outer hair cells discriminate the loudness of sound
22. Which of following statements concerning visual acuity are NOT TRUE:
a) is tested by Snellen letter chart
b) Is normal when eyes is able to discriminate details separated by a visual angle of 5 minutes of arc (1 min of arc= 1/50 degree)
c) it depends on defects of focusing
d) it depends on the state of rods
23. Rhodopsin is:
a) Composed of transducin and photopsin
b) The G-protein of cones
c) Serpentine receptor coupled with G-protein which activates enzyme PDE
d) It is a ligand gated channel similar to muscarinic receptor
e) Metabotropic receptor located on free floating discs of the outer segment of rods
-25. Which of the following cells are able to generate action potential?
a) Olfactory receptor cells
b) Hair cells of the organ of Corti
c) Ganglion cells of the retina
d) Bipolar cells of the retina
Cross bridge cycle - choose correct order: a) ADP is released b) ATP binds to myosin head c) ATP is hydrolyzed d) Pi is released + powerstroke e) A cross-bridge form
b, c, e, d, a
d, e, b, c, a
a, b, c, d, e
c, d, e, b, a
2. Identify right statements concerning pain pathways:
c) uponenteringthespinalcordfastandslowpainfiberssynapsewiththesame population of neurons
d) paleospinothalamic tract transmits impulses concerning quality, intensity and location of pain -
b) same pathway as the sense of vibration and fine, precise touch
c)same pathway as the input from thermo receptors
d) anterior spinothalamic tract
4. Tapping of patellar tendon elicit a reflex contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Which of the following precedes the contraction of the quadriceps femoris
a) Ia afferents from the quadriceps muscle spindle increase their rate of firing
b) Ib afferent from the Golgi tendon organ increase their ring of firing
c) α-motoneurons (alpha) innervating the extrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
d) γ-motoneurons(gamma) innervating the intrafusal muscle fibers increase their rate of firing
e) α-motoneurons to the antagonistic muscles increase their rate of firing
5. Which of the following are elements of the reflex arc of the inverse-stretch reflex?
b) Gamma motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
c) Golgitendonorgan
d) Ib sensory fiber from the annulospiral ending
e) Alpha-motor neuron innervating extrafusal skeletal muscle cells
g) Sensory protoneuron of the dorsal root ganglion collecting input from type Ia sensory fiber
7. Gracile fasciculus pathway is composed of (mind the order of neurons):
a) Neurons in posterior horn of the spinal cord
b) Dorsal root ganglion cell
c) Neurons in nucleus gracilis
d) Neurons in ventral (posterolateral??) nuclei of thalamus
e) Neurons in postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex
8. Lesion of precentral gyrus of the left frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere leads to:
a) Inability to perform voluntary movements
b) Fluent aphasia
c) Loss of coordination of movements
d) Spastic tone of the contralateral skeletal muscles due to damage of the upper neuron of the pyramidal tract
9.Which of the following sentences describe properly fasciculus gracilis:
a) it collects sensory input from lower part of the body
b) it collect sensory input from upper part of the body
c) conducts impulses from muscle spindles + Golgi tendon organs
d) it conveys crude (light) tough and temperature sense
e) it conveys fine (discriminative) touch and vibration sense
f) Second-order neuron is located in medulla oblongata
g) Second order neuron is located in posterior horn of the spinal cord
10. Identify statements concerning lateral corticospinal tract
a) it innervates bilaterally axial muscles (muscles proximal to the trunk)
b) it crosses the midline in pyramidal decussation
c) first order neurons of the pathways synapse in nucleus rubber
d) it reduces the muscular tone of flexors
11. Describe properly the characteristics of the spinothalamic tract:
a) it is 2 neuron sensory tract that is localized in anterolateral neural pathways system
b) it is a 3-neuron sensory tract that is localized in dorsal columns of the spinal cord
c) it conveys sensation modalities such as ticide and itch, temperature, light touch and pressure
d) it passes to the contralateral CNS side on the level of the medulla oblongata
e) it terminates finally in the somatosensory cortex
12. Indicate correct statements concerning Purkinje cells of cerebellar cortex:
a) liberate GABA producing inhibitory effect to neurons of deep cerebellar nuclei
b) they project excitatory output to basket and stellate cells through GABAc receptor
c) They are excited by glutamate liberated by axon terminals of climbing fibers and parallel fibers
d) they are directly activated by mossy fibers
e) project excitatory axons converging on deep cerebellar nuclei
13. Which statements are right?
a) Climbing fiber input exerts a strong excitatory effect on single Purkinje cell
b) Basket cells project to deep cerebellar nuclei -
c) Mossy fibers come from all possible sources except for inferior olivar nuclei
d) Mossy fibers come from inferior olivary nuclei - Climbing fibers
14. Identify right statements concerning cerebellar function
a) Damage of the flocculonodular lobe lead to nystagmus
b) Input from cerebro-porto-cerebellar pathways enters dentate nucleus of vestibulocerebellum
c) Anterior cerebello spinaltract distribute proper rate and strength of muscle cells to postural muscles
d) Damage of the cerebellum results with discoordination of all movements (ataxia)
15. Which of the following are direct effects of action of gamma motoneurons?
a) stimulate extrafusal muscle fibers to contract
b) help maintaining activity of Ia afferent during contraction
c) stimulate activity in Ib afferent fibers
d) detect the length of resting skeletal muscles
e) produce contraction of the nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers
16. Find sentences describing cerebellar function:
a) projects to the motor cortex through ventral anterior (VA) and ventral posterior(VP) thalamic nuclei
b) influences γ- motoneurons of the spinal cord indirectly through the reticulospinal tract
c) indysfunctionitproducesinvoluntaryrestingmovementssuchasp<h-roling or resting tremor
-8. Identify elements concerning lateral corticospinal tract:
a. it innervates bilaterally axial muscles
b. it crosses the midline in pyramidal decussation
c. first order neurons of the pathway synapse on nucleus ruber
d. Itreducesthemusculartoneofflexors(
18. Identify right statements concerning the ß- rhythm appearing on an EEG recording
a) appears when a patient's eyes open
b) forms sleep spindles of the EEG recording
c) recordedduringNREMsleepofhealthyadults
d) represents activity that is the most specific for the frontal region of the conscious brain
19. Identify correct statements concerning hyperopia (farsightedness):
a) Near point of vision can be located 1 meter from the eye
b) it is related to increased focal length of the eyeball
c) it is corrected by concave lenses
d) Near objects are focused on retina while far objects not
20. Right LGN (lateral geniculate nucleus) is entered by input from:
b) temporal half of the right retina
d) Nasal half of the tight retina
e) Both left hemiretinas (left of both retinas)
c) Nasal half of the retina
21. In conductive loss of hearing (conductive deafness) of right ear
a) In Weber's test, sound is heard louder by the right ear
b) Rinne's test of the right ear is positive
c) Patient's hearing of the right ear is longer than the examiner's in Schwabach's test
d) Air conduction of the right ear is better bone conduction
22. Which of the following statements concerning Visual acuity are NOT true:
a) Is tested by Snellen letter chart
b) is normal when eye is able to discriminate details separated by a visual angle of 5 minutes of arc (1 minute of arc = 1/60 degree)
d) depends on the state of rods
b) the G-protein of cones
c) The serpentine receptor coupled with G-protein, which activates enzyme PDE
