Functional Neuroanatomy

Pregunta 1 de 129

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The name of the key cell in the brain that eventually gives rise to it's complexity and ability to regulate behaviour is the

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Pregunta 2 de 129

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The neuron also has a supporting cast of cells, the cells

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Pregunta 3 de 129

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The approximate number of neurons in the NEOCORTEX alone is

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10 billion
100,000
100 million
200 million
20 billion

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Pregunta 4 de 129

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Glial cells potentially play a role in facilitating neural transmission.

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Pregunta 5 de 129

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Brain cells responsible for nutritional and scavenger functions

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Glial
Neurons
Mitochondria

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Pregunta 6 de 129

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Another major type of cells are oligodendroglia, which also form , the white fatty substance of sheaths.

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Pregunta 7 de 129

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There are more neurons in the brain than glial cells.

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Pregunta 8 de 129

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At the tips of an axon are that produce and house neurotransmitters.

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Pregunta 9 de 129

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- an increase in the excitability of a neuron to a particular synaptic input caused by high-frequency activity of that input.

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Pregunta 10 de 129

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Programmed cell death is called .

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Pregunta 11 de 129

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The hindbrain (, and ), the midbrain, and the forebrain (divided into the telencephalon and )

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Pregunta 12 de 129

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Division of the brain shown here are are , and respectively

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Pregunta 13 de 129

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Within the brain are four fluid filled chambers, or , through which fluid flows.

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Pregunta 14 de 129

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Cerebrospinal fluid also flows through the space

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Pregunta 15 de 129

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The amygdala is located in front of the tip of the horn of the lateral ventricle and the is located along the floor of the temporal horn

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Pregunta 16 de 129

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Cerebrospinal fluid in produced within the

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Pregunta 17 de 129

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In disorders that involve brain degeneration the ventricle enlarge in size to fill the void

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Pregunta 18 de 129

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How blood flow responds to the brain as is engages a particular function is the basis of

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Pregunta 19 de 129

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The is the lowest section of the brainstem.

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Pregunta 20 de 129

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The hindbrain is the sight which (select ALL correct) functions.

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heartbeat
respiratory function
control of blood pressure
visuospatial skills

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Pregunta 21 de 129

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Running through the centre of the brainstem and up towards the forebrain structures from the spinal cord is the formation. Lesions to this structure are often related to sleep disturbance, coma and alertness.

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Pregunta 22 de 129

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Name each brain region

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Pregunta 23 de 129

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The cerebellum (also) has a number of NON-motor functions, and cerebellar lesions are known to affect abstract reasoning, verbal fluency, attention, speed of information processing and emotional modulation.

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Pregunta 24 de 129

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The substantia nigra is located within the

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forebrain
hindbrain
midbrain
temporal lobe

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Pregunta 25 de 129

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Label each brain section

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Pregunta 26 de 129

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Sensory nuclei in the serve as the major relay and processing centres for all senses except smell and project to the primary sensory cortices.

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Pregunta 27 de 129

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Korsakoff's syndrome can involve which of the following symptoms

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anterograde amnesia alone
retrograde amnesia alone
both retrograde and anterograde amnesia
Korsakoff's syndrome does typically not involve memory loss

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Pregunta 28 de 129

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The hypothalamus is located ( below, above, beside ) the thalamus

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Pregunta 29 de 129

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Label each section

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Pregunta 30 de 129

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Damage to the basal ganglia can result in (choose best)

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paralysis
motor function disturbance
language disorder

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Pregunta 31 de 129

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The term neostriatum refers to which cluster of nuclei? (choose all correct)

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putamen
caudate nucleus
the grey matter bands (striations) connecting the caudate to the putamen
hippocampus
cerebellum

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Pregunta 32 de 129

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The limbic system includes the

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

hippocampus
cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
amygdala
cerebellum
fornix

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 129

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The cingulate gyrus is located (choose ALL correct)

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within the medial aspects of the cortex
superior to the corpus collosum
Inferior to the corpus collosum
posterior to the central sulcus

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 129

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( Commissural, Association ) fibers connect between hemispheres, whereas ( association, commissural ) fibers involve connections within a hemisphere

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Pregunta 35 de 129

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The is the big band of commissural fibers connecting the two hemispheres

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Pregunta 36 de 129

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The lateral plane refers to the and sides of the brain, on either side of the fissure.

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Pregunta 37 de 129

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The anterior and posterior sections of the brain are separated by the sulcus

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Pregunta 38 de 129

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( Hemiplegia, Paraplegia, Semiplegia, Demiplegia ) refers to paralysis on one side of the body

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Pregunta 39 de 129

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All auditory fibers project to the collateral primary auditory cortex.

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Pregunta 40 de 129

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A point to point relationship between sense receptors and cortical cells is laid out on the primary auditory cortex, with cortical representation arranged according to ( pitch, volume, noise, amplitude ).

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Pregunta 41 de 129

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Within the visual system, a ( ventral, dorsal ) what system is specialized for object recognition and a ( ventral, dorsal ) where system is specialized for spatial and movement percetiion.

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Pregunta 42 de 129

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Areas of the cortex involved in motor and sensory function can be loosely divided into three key groups, primary, secondary and tertiary areas. Primary areas involve the initial vague representation of the action or sense, which in turn are elaborated in secondary areas before being integrated holistically with other movements or senses in tertiary areas.

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Pregunta 43 de 129

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A lesion to an association area would typically not result in specific sensory or motor deficits. Rather, the behavioral difficulties would more likely appear as various higher order deficits involving the integration, recognition and fine tuning of primary information.

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Pregunta 44 de 129

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The ( left, right ) side of the brain is more specialized in language and for processing verbally coded information.

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Pregunta 45 de 129

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The ( right, left ) side of the brain typically processes nonverbal information such as complex visual patterns or auditory signals that are not coded for in verbal form.

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Pregunta 46 de 129

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the ( right, left ) hemisphere contributes to appreciation of the context (body language, irony) of verbal information and thereby, to the accuracy and appropriateness of language usage.

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Pregunta 47 de 129

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In keeping with the principles of hemispheric specialisation the most obvious cognitive deficit with ( left, right ) hemisphere damage is aphasia.

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Pregunta 48 de 129

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Holistic, Synthesising, Pictorial and Intuitive. These features are generally characteristic of which brain hemisphere?

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Left
Right

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Pregunta 49 de 129

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The left-right dichotomies in hemispheric lateralization should be taken as useful concepts and not iron-clad facts. Normal healthy behaviour is a function of the whole brain working together, with important contributions from both hemispheres entering into virtually every activity.

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Pregunta 50 de 129

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( Dysarthria, Aphasia ) is a condition in which problems effectively occur with the muscles that help produce speech, often making it very difficult to pronounce words. It is unrelated to any problem with understanding cognitive language.

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Pregunta 51 de 129

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A patient who has had lesions exclusively in one hemisphere and appears to have difficulties making sense out of complex stimuli, and difficulties in comprehending speech intonation (prosody). The same patient may also experiences the following deficits (choose the most likely answer):

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Impaired verbal memory, loss of basic mathematical concepts and difficulties with verbal fluency.
Inattention in the left visual field, copying of visual designs and loss of spatial orientation even in familiar surroundings.

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Pregunta 52 de 129

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Patients with right hemisphere lesions: (choose the best)

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Typically have an impaired appreciation of emotionally charged stimuli due to a fundamental deficit in emotional processing.
Are more emotional because left sided regions responsible for the modulation of emotion are no longer inhibited by right sided regions
Typically have an impaired appreciation of emotionally charged stimuli. However it is not clear whether this is a fundamental deficit, or that is could be that emotional experience would not be impaired if the patient could properly apprehend emotional stimuli (such as emotive facial expression or tone of voice).

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Pregunta 53 de 129

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Patients with ( left, right ) sided lesions tend to be overly sensitive to their disabilities. However many patients ultimately compensate for them well enough to make a satisfactory adaptation to their disabilities.

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Pregunta 54 de 129

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Patients whose injuries involve ( right, left ) sided lesions are less likely to be dissatisfied with themselves or their disabilities and are less likely to be aware of their mistakes. Consequently, those patients with such reduced insights tend to make ( poorer, better ) adjustments to their circumstances.

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Pregunta 55 de 129

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( Left, Right ) hemisphere damaged patients tend depression as result of the ability to conceive of their deficits, and thus is directly reactive to the injury and more prevalent during the ( acute, long term ) phases of recovery.

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Pregunta 56 de 129

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In patients with ( right, left ) hemisphere damage, depression is often due to the secondary consequences brought on by a lack of self awareness or insight. As such these patients tend to set unrealistic goals and may be unpleasant socially, leading to isolation from friends and family. Thus depression is more likely to develop slowly as a reaction to these secondary consequences.

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Pregunta 57 de 129

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A clinician can accurately make diagnoses about the lateralisation of injury based on patient behaviour alone.

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Pregunta 58 de 129

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Which of the following best describes the lateral characteristics of a healthy brain:

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The healthy brain is markedly lateralized such that holistic, nonverbal and intuitive thinking is predominantly mediated by the right hemisphere.
The healthy brain is markedly lateralized such that holistic, nonverbal and intuitive thinking is predominantly mediated by the left hemisphere.
Conscious activity is typically a unified and coherent bilateral process that spans both hemispheres through the commissural tracts.
Conscious activity is typically a unified and coherent bilateral process that spans both hemispheres through the association tracts.

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Pregunta 59 de 129

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Very few tasks rely exclusively on a single hemisphere

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Pregunta 60 de 129

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Superior memorization tends to occur when: (choose the BEST answer)

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Information is encoded using a linguistic representation
Information is encoded using a non-verbal representation
Information is encoded using simultaneous verbal and non-verbal representations

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Pregunta 61 de 129

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The external surface of the cerebral cortex is wrinkled into a complex of ridges called ( gyri, sulci ), and fissures called ( gyri, sulci )

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Pregunta 62 de 129

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The ( central sulcus, central gyrus, medial sulcus, lateral sulcus ) divides the cerebral hemisphere into anterior and posterior regions.

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Pregunta 63 de 129

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Immediately in front of the central sulcus lies the ( precentral, postcentral ) gyrus which contains much of the primary ( motor, sensory, visual, auditory ) area.

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Pregunta 64 de 129

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The bulk of the primary somatosensory area is located in the ( gyrus, sulcus ) just behind the central ( sulcus, gyrus ) called the ( postcentral gyrus, postcentral sulcus, precentral gyrus, precentral sulcus ).

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Pregunta 65 de 129

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Anatomical areas of the cortex are largely defined according to:

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physical characteristics, appearance and location.
function, and connectivity

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Pregunta 66 de 129

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In general the anterior regions of the cortex tend to be dedicated input systems, dealing largely with sensation and perception.

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Pregunta 67 de 129

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The primary auditory cortex is located:

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Along the upper most edge of the temporal lobe, below the somatosensory area.
In the parietal lobe, immediately anterior to the somatosensory area
In the anterior temporal lobe, immediately ventral to Broca's area.
Above the lateral sulcus, immediately below the somatosensory area.

Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 129

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Lesions to the primary visual cortex

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can result in discrete blind spots in corresponding parts of the visual field.
usually result in total blindness
most commonly result in difficulties recognizing objects or describing their location in space

Explicación

Pregunta 69 de 129

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Hemianopia is

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reduced vision or blindness over one side of the visual field
multiple blind spots across both sides of the visual field
total cortical blindness

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Pregunta 70 de 129

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( Agnosia, Aphasia, Anopsia ) is the inability to process sensory information.

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Pregunta 71 de 129

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( Anopsia, Agnosia, Aphasia ) refers to any defect in the visual field

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Pregunta 72 de 129

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Visual ( agnosia, anopia, aphasia ) is an impairment in recognition of visually presented objects. It is not due to a deficit in vision (acuity, visual field, and scanning), language, memory, or low intellect

Explicación

Pregunta 73 de 129

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Visual agnosia may be related to damage to which areas of the cortex? (choose all correct)

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

Fusiform gyrus
Parietal lobe
Visual association areas
Frontal lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 74 de 129

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( Prosopagnosia, Prosopaphasia, Prosopanopsia ) refers to an inability to recognize faces

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Pregunta 75 de 129

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( Associative, Apperceptive ) agnosia refers to a failure of recognition due to defective retrieval of knowledge pertinent to a given stimulus. The problem is due to faulty sensory-specific memory; the patient is unable to recognize the object despite being able to perceive it normally. ( Apperceptive, Associative ) agnosia refers to a defective integration of otherwise normally perceived components of a stimulus. The problem is more a failure of perception; these patients fail to recognize a stimulus because they cannot integrate the perceptual elements of the stimulus.

The distinction involves whether the disturbance is primarily a failure of memory, or of perception.

Explicación

Pregunta 76 de 129

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( Associative, Apperceptive ) visual agnosia is strongly associated with bilateral damage to higher order association cortices in the ventral and medial occipitotemporal areas, whereas ( apperceptive, associative ) visual agnosia is more closely associated with damage to earlier, more primary visual cortices.

Explicación

Pregunta 77 de 129

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If a patient has trouble naming an object that they are capable of perceiving, but are able to recall its meaning (function, features, characteristics) it is MOST likely that they have associative visual agnosia.

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Pregunta 78 de 129

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Simultanagnosia involves the inability to perceive more than one object or point in space at a time.

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Pregunta 79 de 129

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Anomia involves a difficulty in retrieving ( names, meaning, spatial information, numeric information )

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Pregunta 80 de 129

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( Pure alexia, Dyslexia, Anomia, Acalculia ) is a reading problem that stems from defects in visual recognition, organization and scanning rather than from defective comprehension of written material.

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Pregunta 81 de 129

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The two-streams hypothesis argues that humans possess two distinct visual systems. As visual information exits the occipital lobe, it follows two main pathways, or "streams". The ( ventral, dorsal, medial, lateral ) stream (also known as the "( what, where, who, how ) pathway") travels to the temporal lobe and is involved with object identification and recognition. The ( dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral ) stream (or, "( where, what, who, how ) pathway") terminates in the parietal lobe and is involved with processing ( object spatial location and position., object identification and recognition., object naming., facial recognition )

Explicación

Pregunta 82 de 129

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The parietal-temporo-occipital (PTO) association area is primarily involved in:

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integration of sensory and perceptual information
higher visual function alone
higher auditory function alone
somatosensory input

Explicación

Pregunta 83 de 129

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Patients with lesions in their PTO frequently demonstrate construction difficulties. Such as the ability to construct two or three dimensional objects from one or two dimensional units. ( Left, Right ) sided lesions are apt to disrupt the programming or ordering of movements necessary for constructional activity. On the other hand, patients with ( right, left ) sided lesions tend to demonstrate difficulties with spatial imagery or the understanding of spatial relationships, in particularly these patients have difficulties with diagonality in a design.

Explicación

Pregunta 84 de 129

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Although lesions to either hemisphere may conduct visuospatial construction. It is likely that lesions to the ( right hemisphere, left hemisphere, frontal lobe, hippocampus ) is probably more likely to produce visuoconstruction defects than an equal contralateral lesion.

Explicación

Pregunta 85 de 129

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Laterality effects also occur in the perception of auditory stimuli such that left ( temporal, ocipital, frontal ) lobe damage impairs ( temporal processing (sound duration), spectral processing (pitch, harmony) ), whereas right ( temporal, occipital, frontal ) damage impairs ( spectral processing (pitch, harmony)., temporal processing (sound duration) )

Explicación

Pregunta 86 de 129

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( Apraxia, Agnosia, Aphasia ) is a disorder of motor coordination and planning, whereas ( Agnosia, Apraxia, Aphasia ) refers to a deficit in processing sensory information.

Explicación

Pregunta 87 de 129

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parietal lobe damage significantly slows the disengagement of attention, with the greatest slowing occurring when the lesion is on the right.

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Pregunta 88 de 129

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name this subsection of the parietal lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 89 de 129

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Lesions to the inferior parietal lobule are typically related to deficits in ( short- term (or working), long term, autobiographical, proceedural ) memory.

Explicación

Pregunta 90 de 129

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Name these areas of the cortex

Explicación

Pregunta 91 de 129

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The inferior parietal lobule is composed of the ( supramarginal gyrus, Wernicke's area, primary auditory area ) and the ( angular gyrus, Broca's area, temporal lobe ). Wernicke's area is located ventrally to the ( supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, primary auditory area ) and immediately caudal to the ( primary auditory cortex, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus ).

Explicación

Pregunta 92 de 129

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Label the diagram

Explicación

Pregunta 93 de 129

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Which arteries supply each of the regions below?
(hint: include the word artery)

Explicación

Pregunta 94 de 129

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Which of the following best represents the relationship between language and mathematics in functional neuroanatomy:

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Language and mathematics ability appear to be related to the left temporal lobe, and thus are always observed concurrently.
Language and mathematics occupy equal but contral lateral portions of the left and right temporal lobes respectively.
Language and mathematics deficits often accompany one another, however some patients will develop one or the other separately.

Explicación

Pregunta 95 de 129

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Neglect is more common on the ( left, right ) side of personal and extrapersonal space.

Explicación

Pregunta 96 de 129

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An unawareness to one side of personal and extrapersonal space is known as

Explicación

Pregunta 97 de 129

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the temporoparietal cortex is most usually associated with a chronic left sided-inattention known as

Explicación

Pregunta 98 de 129

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Severe hemispatial inattention is very much a "( right, left ) hemisphere phenomenon" just as aphasia is a "( left, right ) sided phenomenon"

Explicación

Pregunta 99 de 129

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Inattention (neglect) is only diagnosed when all five sensory modalities are affected

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Explicación

Pregunta 100 de 129

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Neglect is most closely associated with which of the following cortical areas

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left temporal lobe
right dlPFC
right parietal lobe
left occipital lobe

Explicación

Pregunta 101 de 129

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Deficits with visuospatial construction, left side attention, or organization of discrete features into a whole are consistent with which brain area. (choose BEST option)

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

right parietal lobe
right ocipital lobe
left temporal
amygdala

Explicación

Pregunta 102 de 129

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Patients with "cortical deafness" can often retain near normal sensory hearing capacity.

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Explicación

Pregunta 103 de 129

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( Pure word deafness, Dyslexia, Alexia, Agraphia ), which occurs mostly with ( left temporal, right temporal, right parietal, left occipital ) lesions, is an inability to comprehend spoken words despite intact hearing, speech production, reading ability and recognition of non-linguistic sounds.

Explicación

Pregunta 104 de 129

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( Auditory agnosia, Pure word deafness, Auditory aphasia, Auditory acalculia ) may refer to an inability to recognize auditorily presented environmental sounds. When confined to nonspeech sounds (e.g telephone ringing) it is most frequently associated with right sided ( posterior temporal, mediofrontal, occipital, thalamatic ) lesions.

Explicación

Pregunta 105 de 129

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( Wernicke's aphasia, Broca's aphasia, Richards aphasia, Anomic ) patients may speak in fluent and syntactically correct sentences that has no semantic meaning. This condition is most commonly associated with ( left temporal, right temporal, right frontal, left parietal ) damage.

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Pregunta 106 de 129

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is a disorder related to the retrieval of words which may disrupt fluent speech.

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Pregunta 107 de 129

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right temporal lesions are rarely associated with language deficits, however difficulties naming and recognizing ( facial expressions, tools, animals ) have been reported.

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Pregunta 108 de 129

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Relative cortical specializations relating to type for different categories of common nouns have been identified. For example some regions have been associated with animal names, whereas others have been associated with the names of tools.

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Pregunta 109 de 129

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Damage to the right temporal lobe may result in which of the following symptoms? Choose ALL correct

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Deficits in spatial, non-verbal and abstract reasoning.
Amusia
Wernicke's aphasia
Anomic aphasia

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Pregunta 110 de 129

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A primary function of the ( temporal lobes, occipital lobes, brain stem, central sulcus ) is memory

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Pregunta 111 de 129

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The ( medial, ventral, caudal, lateral ) temporal lobe contains several structures critical for memory including the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus.

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Pregunta 112 de 129

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Damage to the ( hippocampus, amygdala, putamen, internal capsule ) and adjacent areas of the temporal lobe is responsible for the memory impairment that emerges in early Alzheimer's disease.

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Pregunta 113 de 129

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emotional disturbances are associated with lesions involving the hippocampus as well as the ( amygdala, optic chiasm, medulla oblongata ) and the ( uncus, olfactory bulb, corpus callosum ).

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Pregunta 114 de 129

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Many patients with focal damage to the can still recognize single faces, words, objects etc as well as cognitively intact persons. Memory requiring relationships between single stimuli requires the . This division of labor explains the severity of memory disorder resulting from these lesions. Even when amnesic patients retain some new learning ability, this new information lack superordinate organizing context.

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Pregunta 115 de 129

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Which type of memory is the hippocampus MOST CLOSELY associated with

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Older autobiographical memories
Recently aqcuired declarative information
Old declariative memories
Recently aquired procedural memory

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Pregunta 116 de 129

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Which is true of older memories:

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Whilst the hippocampus probably plays a role in the recollection of old memories. Old memories are most likely largely distributed throughout the cerebral cortex, and do not rely on the hippocampus in the same way as newly acquired information.
Old (declarative) memories are primarily stored in the hippocampus.
Whilst the hippocampus probably plays a role in the recollection of old memories. Old memories are most likely largely stored in the basal ganglia, and do not rely on the hippocampus in the same way as newly acquired information.

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Pregunta 117 de 129

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Damage to the left hippocampus would mostly like disturb the learning of what type of information?

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Learning information such as names, new words and verbal facts.
Learning informations such as new faces, geographical routes and musical melodies.

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Pregunta 118 de 129

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In a famous study, London cab drivers showed an enlargement of certain brain area after acquiring "the knowledge". Considering what you know which region of the brain was likely enlarged.

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Right hippocampus
Left hippocampus
Corpus callosum
Anterior horn of the lateral ventricle

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Pregunta 119 de 129

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The hippocampus is not involved in learning non-declarative information such as motor skills.

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Pregunta 120 de 129

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The medial temporal lobes are not involved in working memory, nor are they involved in maintaining or processing information over very short intervals.

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Pregunta 121 de 129

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Retrieval of information involving a single sensory modality appears to be most strongly associated with the associated cortex adjacent to the primary sense area. For example, retrieval of visual information is impaired by lesions of the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe.

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Pregunta 122 de 129

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The ( amygdala, pons ) is involved in processing emotional stimuli from all major sensory modalities.

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Pregunta 123 de 129

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Lesions to the ( premotor division, primary motor cortex, prefrontal portion ) of the frontal lobe do not result in loss of the ability to move, but rather disrupt the integration of the motor components of complex acts, producing discontinuous, uncoordinated or impaired motor skills.

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Pregunta 124 de 129

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Language deficit following damage to the left premotor area most likely do no involve comprehension but rather the ability to organise and produce speech sounds. This is known as oral .

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Pregunta 125 de 129

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Damage to Broca's area results in

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expressive aphasia
fluent aphasia

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Pregunta 126 de 129

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Lesions to the area of the right hemisphere, in the equivalent but contralateral to Broca's area may result in flat monotonic speech and difficulties with involving fluent prosody.

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Pregunta 127 de 129

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The ( prefrontal, temporal, primary motor, parietal ) lobes are where already correlated incoming information from all sources, external and internal, conscious and unconscious, memory storage and visceral arousal centres is integrated and enters ongoing activity

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Pregunta 128 de 129

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The ( ventromedial, dorsolateral, parietal, superior medial ) prefrontal cortex plays a key role in impulse control and in regulation and maintenance of set and ongoing behaviour.

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Pregunta 129 de 129

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Behavioural problems with starting, stopping or switching tasks, deficits in self awareness, and a concrete attitude are associated with damage to which major area of the brain?

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Amygdala
Parietal Lobe
Prefrontal cortex
Limbic system

	Creado por Dan Myles hace alrededor de 9 años