Pregnancy is associated with major changes in the respiratory system, in lung volume and ventilation. By the end of pregnancy 16-20% more oxygen is consumed to meet the increased metabolic needs of the maternal body and fetoplacental unit.
In the ❌ respiratory tract, the nasopharynx mucosa becomes more hyperaemic and oedematous with hypersecretion of mucus, caused by ❌. this can result in nasal ❌ and more common occurrence of ❌.
There are changes in the shape of the chest due to relaxation of muscles and cartilage. the ❌ is displaces upwards, by 4cm, and there is an increase in the ❌ of the chest, by 2cm. Flaring of the ❌ also increases the substernal angle, in late pregnancy, from 68 degrees to 103 degrees. Breathing changes from abdominal to ❌, with increased diaphragmatic movement.
Maternal pulmonary ❌ increases by 40%, due to the effects of ❌ lowering sensitivity of chemoreceptors for carbon dioxide. As a result the respiratory drive is stimulated at lower ❌ levels so pregnant women are able to breath more ❌. Tidal volume, the amount of air passing in and out of the lungs in each respiratory cycle, increases, thus increasing minute ventilation by 40%, this hyperventilation increases ❌ consumption.
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progesterone
progesterone
carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide