According to current estimates, how many Americans have some form of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
>80 million
>20 million
>40 million
>60 million
Which of the following factors that contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD) is not the result of lifestyle choices?
Obesity
Family genetics
Type A personality
Smoking
What form of cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the single largest killer of Americans each year?
Peripheral vascular disease
Cerebral vessel disease
Coronary artery disease (CAD)
Renal artery disease
Long QT syndrome , also called prolonged QT syndrome, is a group of disorders that increases the risk for sudden death from an arrhythmia slightly more common in:
women
chronic drug abusers.
men
the elderly.
The two superior chambers of the heart are the _____ and they _____.
ventricles, pump to the atria
atria, pump blood to the ventricles
ventricles, receive blood from throughout the body
atria, pump throughout the bodies
The vascular system and the tissues are able to exchange gases, fluids, and nutrients through the very thin:
capillary walls.
venules
alveoli
arterioles
Intraventricular pressures are higher on the left than on the right because:
the systemic circulation offers less resistance to blood flow than the lungs
the right ventricle is a larger muscle mass than the left ventricle.
it is harder to pump blood through the aortic valve.
the lungs offer less resistance to blood flow than the systemic circulation.
The first sound auscultated (S1) when listening to heart sounds occurs during which of the following events?
Ventricular diastole
Opening of the atrioventricular (AV) valves
Ventricular systole
Closing of the semilunar valves
The three types of electrocardiogram (ECG) leads are bipolar, augmented, and:
implanted.
central.
tripolar
precordial
Which of the following is a cause for artifact appearing on the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
A patient placed supine
Loose electrodes/wires
Chamber enlargement
Quivering of the ventricles
The most common electrocardiogram (ECG) leads used for monitoring are:
aVF or v1.
lead I or lead III.
lead II or the modified chest lead 1 (MCL1).
aVL and lead I.
When an impulse is traveling away from a positive electrode, this will appear as a wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) tracing in which direction?
Null
Isoelectric
Upward
Downward
When looking at an electrocardiogram (ECG), the P wave is representative of what?
Sinus node discharge
Ventricular depolarization
Conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node
Atrial depolarization
The total duration of ventricular depolarization is known as the:
PR interval.
QT interval.
QRS interval.
corrected QT interval.
While it can be present in cases of hypokalemia, this wave can also be a normal and nonpathological electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristic.
Absent P wave
Long P-R interval
Peaked T wave
U wave
When looking to determine the particular amplitude of an electrocardiogram (ECG) waveform, the paramedic should evaluate what aspect of the printed ECG strip?
Length of the waveform
Amplitude cannot be determined by evaluating the waveform
Morphology of the waveform
Height of the waveform
If a patient has a PR interval that is 7 mm (7 small boxes) in duration, what can be said about the overall electrocardiogram (ECG)?
There is heightened conductivity between the atria and ventricles.
The Purkinje fibers are not conducting properly.
The SA node is failing to discharge.
There is a conduction delay in the atrioventricular (AV) node.
A phasic variation of the R-R interval that is related to the respiratory cycle and changes in intrathoracic pressure produces which of the following rhythms on the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
Sinus bradycardia
Sinus arrhythmia
Sinus block
Sinus arrest
When a patient experiences a sudden increase in cholinergic tone or has intrinsic SA node disease, this may lead to the development of which of the following ECG rhythms?
Supraventricular tachycardia
Atrial fibrillation
Wandering atrial pacemaker (WAP)
The electrocardiogram (ECG) rhythm you see is a regular, narrow-complex rhythm that has 1 upright P wave for every QRS complex; QRS complexes measure 0.08 seconds, and the PR interval is 0.16 seconds; heart rate is 140 beats/minute. Which of the following best labels this rhythm?
Ventricular tachycardia
Normal sinus rhythm
Junctional tachycardia
Sinus tachycardia
What mechanism of abnormal impulse formation is responsible for sustaining rapid rhythms such as paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia?
Excitability
Ectopic
Automaticity
Reentry
When evaluating an electrocardiogram (ECG), you note that in lead III the QRS complex duration is 0.16 seconds. What does this finding imply?
Delayed conduction through the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle branches
Normality
Delayed conduction through the ventricular conduction system
Enhanced conduction from the SA node to the Purkinje fibers
You are looking at an electrocardiogram (ECG) that displays normal P waves at 80/min with a 1:1 relationship with the QRS, a PRI with a 0.24 second conduction, and the width of the QRS is 0.14 seconds. The T wave is positively deflected. What is the most likely name of this rhythm?
Sinus rhythm with a Mobitz I heart block
Normal sinus rhythm with evidence of myocardial ischemia
Sinus rhythm with a first-degree atrioventricular (AV) block and a bundle branch block
You are managing a patient who has a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) rhythm at a rate of 260/min. Which of the following best describes the rhythm's effect on the patient's hemodynamic status?
It results in peripheral vasodilation.
There will be an increase in coronary artery perfusion.
The rapid rate will result in myocardial infarction.
This results in decreased cardiac output.
How many people in the United States are estimated to have hypertension?
50 million
500 million
150 million
5 million
What form of cardiovascular disease is the single largest killer of Americans each year?
Coronary artery disease
Which of the following factors that contributes to CVD is not the result of lifestyle choices?
Which of the following is NOT thought to, or proven to, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Oral contraceptives
Hypocholesterolemia
Which of the following risk factors are thought to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease?
Older age
Male gender
Poor diet
Which of the following is a modifiable risk factor for developing cardiovascular disease?
Hypertension
Family history
Which one of the following patients is most susceptible to developing cardiovascular disease?
A 64-year-old male, three-pack-per-day smoker
A 29-year-old female recreational smoker
A 19-year-old male with type A personality
A 40-year-old female taking oral contraceptives
Which of the following patients is least likely to develop cardiovascular disease, compared to the others?
44-year-old male smoker and cocaine abuser
50-year-old male with chronic hypertension
38-year-old obese female with type 1 diabetes
25-year-old female taking birth control pills
The two superior chambers of the heart are the ____________________and they ___________.
atria, pump blood to the ventricles
ventricles, pump to the atria
The two major components of the cardiovascular system are the:
heart and blood.
heart and peripheral blood vessels.
heart and lungs.
central and peripheral blood vessels.
Intracardiac pressures are higher on the left than on the right because
the systemic circulation offers less resistance to blood flow than the lungs.
The first sound auscultated (S Subscript 1) when listening to heart sounds occurs during which of the following events?
Atrial systole
Increased atrial contraction
The three types of ECG leads are bipolar, augmented, and
central
implanted
Which of the following is a cause for artifact appearing on the ECG?
The most common ECG leads used for monitoring are:
According to Einthoven's triangle, lead I is characterized by:
left arm positive, right arm negative.
right arm positive, left arm negative.
left leg positive, left arm negative.
Left leg positive, right arm negative.
When an impulse is traveling toward a negative electrode, this will appear as a(n) _________ deflection on the ECG.
upward
downward
positive
isoelectric
From the ECG graph, 1 small box =
1.0 sec.
0.04 sec.
0.20 sec.
0.01 sec.
When looking at an ECG, the P wave is representative of what?
Conduction through the AV node
While it can be present in cases of hypokalemia, this wave can also be a normal and non-pathological ECG characteristic:
When looking to determine the particular amplitude of an ECG waveform, the paramedic should evaluate what aspect of the printed ECG strip?
Which of the following ECG lines is disturbed by myocardial infarction?
QRS interval
QT interval
ST segment
PR interval
If a patient has a PR interval that is 7 mm (7 small boxes) in duration, what can be said about the overall ECG?
There is a conduction delay in the AV node.
A phasic variation of the R-R interval that is related to the respiratory cycle and changes in intrathoracic pressure produces which of the following rhythms on the ECG?
The ECG monitor shows the following: no rate, no rhythm, P waves that are regular in spacing, no QRS complexes. What would you call this rhythm?
Cardiac standstill
Ventricular fibrillation
Idioventricular rhythm
Artificial pacemaker
If the patient is displaying a normal sinus rhythm in lead II, which of the following statements would be true?
The P to T wave interval should be >30 small boxes.
The QRS width should be 4 mm.
The R-R duration should be regular.
The T wave should be negatively deflected.
A tracing that you see on the ECG monitor has no discernible P waves, QRS width of 0.08 seconds, a ventricular rate between 64 and 82, and has an irregular rhythm to it. What would you call this rhythm?
Atrial flutter
Wandering atrial pacemaker
The ECG rhythm you see is a regular, narrow-complex rhythm that has 1 upright P wave for every QRS complex; QRS complexes measure 0.08 seconds, and the PR interval is 0.16 seconds; heart rate is 140 beats/minute. Which of the following best labels this rhythm?
What is the best explanation of an ECG tracing that shows progressive changes in the morphology of the P wave from beat to beat in at least 3 consecutive beats?
Rapid reentry into an atrial circuit and the AV node that is associated with organic heart disease
Multiple areas of reentry within the atria or multiple ectopic foci bombarding the AV node
Passive transfer of pacemaker sites from the sinus node to other latent pacemaker sites in the atria and AV junction
A single electrical impulse originating in the atria outside the SA node, causing premature depolarization
When evaluating an ECG, you note that in lead III the QRS complex duration is 0.16 seconds. What does this finding imply?
Delayed conduction through the AV node and bundle branches
Looking at an ECG strip, you count 14 QRS complexes in two 3-second marks. Your estimate for the heart rate would be:
84
70
140
42
Which of the following is likely to result in bradycardia?
Sepsis
Increased sympathetic tone
Normal finding in healthy, well-conditioned persons
Parasympatholytic drugs
Which of the following is TRUE regarding ventricular tachycardia?
Ventricular tachycardia cannot ever produce a palpable carotid pulse.
Ventricular tachycardia is caused when the atria fire before the ventricles.
Ventricular tachycardia can be triggered by a PVC firing in the relative refractory period.
Ventricular tachycardia always has a rate that is higher than 150 beats/minute.
You are looking at an ECG that displays normal P waves at 80/min with a 1:1 relationship with the QRS, a PRI with a 0.24 second conduction, and the width of the QRS is 0.14 seconds. The T wave is positively deflected. What is the most likely name of this rhythm?
Sinus rhythm with a first-degree AV block and a bundle branch block
You are managing a patient that has an SVT rhythm at a rate of 260/min. Which of the following best describes the rhythm's effect on the patient's hemodynamic status?
The ECG shows an irregular ventricular rhythm at a rate of 58; there are more P waves than QRS complexes; QRS width is 0.10 and the PR interval is constant for the conducted beats at a length of 0.20 seconds. What is this rhythm?
First degree AV block
Second degree Type 2 AV block
Second degree Type 1 block
Third degree AV block
