What is another word for joints?
Articulations
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
What is the definition of joints?
Sites where two or more bones meet
Areas where muscles attach to bones
Places where tendons and ligaments connect
Locations of bone marrow production
What is the function of joints?
To give the skeleton mobility and hold the skeleton together
To protect internal organs
To produce red and white blood cells
To store minerals and fats
What are the types of classifications of joints?
Structural - based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Functional - based on movement the joint allows
Anatomical - based on the location in the body
Both Structural and Functional
What are the structural types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
All of the above
What are the functional types of joints?
Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
Diarthroses
What does synarthroses mean?
Immovable joints
Slightly movable joints
Freely movable joints
None of the above
What does amphiarthroses mean?
What does diarthroses mean?
What are the types of fibrous joints?
Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses
What is not true about fibrous joints?
Bones are joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity is present
Most are immovable, depending on the length of tissue fibers
They have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid
What is a suture?
A joint found only in the skull, held together with very short interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock
A joint held together by a ligament with varying tissue lengths
A "peg in socket" fibrous joint with a periodontal ligament that holds tooth in socket
A joint that unites the bones with hyaline cartilage
What is a syndesmosis?
A joint that unites the bones with fibrocartilage
What is a gomphosis?
A fluid-filled, diarthrotic joint
What is not true about cartilaginous joints?
Bones united by cartilage
Like fibrous joints, have no joint cavity
Not highly movable
Include almost all limb joints
What are the two types of cartilaginous joints?
Synchondroses and symphyses
Syndesmosis and symphyses
Synchondroses and syndesmosis
Synovial and fibrous
What are synchondroses?
Bones united by hyaline cartilage
Bones united by fibrocartilage
Bones united by dense fibrous tissue
Joints allowing free movement in multiple directions
What are symphyses?
What is true about synovial joints
Bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
All are diarthrotic (freely movable) and include almost all limb joints
Have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
All the above
What are the six general features of synovial joints?
Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerves & blood vessels
Articular cartilage, joint (synovial) cavity, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing tendons, cartilage cells
Joint (synovial) cavity, articular (joint) capsule, muscle fibers, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, nerve endings
Articular cartilage, muscle fibers, joint (synovial) cavity, synovial fluid, reinforcing ligaments, blood plasma
What are the three factors that influence synovial joint stability?
The shapes of the articular surfaces, the number & positioning of ligaments, and muscle tone
The amount of synovial fluid, the strength of the articular capsule, and bone density
The elasticity of the cartilage, the length of the tendons, and the flexibility of the ligaments
The size of the joint cavity, the presence of bursae, and the type of connective tissue
What are bursae and tendon sheaths?
Types of bones that provide structural support
Fibrous joints that connect bones
Fluid-filled sacs that reduce friction between adjacent structures during joint activity
Types of cartilage that form flexible connections between bones
What is the difference between bursae and tendon sheaths?
Bursae are flattened fibrous sacs occurring where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together while tendon sheaths are elongated and wrap around a tendon.
Bursae connect bones to each other, while tendon sheaths connect muscles to bones.
Bursae are found only in the lower limbs, while tendon sheaths are found only in the upper limbs.
Bursae produce synovial fluid, while tendon sheaths produce cartilage.
What is true of the articular cartilage of synovial joints?
They consist of fibrocartilage covering the ends of bones and provide flexibility to the joint.
They consist of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones and prevent them from being crushed.
They consist of elastic cartilage covering the ends of bones and allow extensive movement.
They consist of fibrous tissue covering the ends of bones and limit joint mobility.
What is true of the cavity of synovial joints?
They are large, air-filled spaces that provide cushioning between bones.
They are small, fluid-filled potential spaces that are unique to synovial joints and can expand if fluid accumulates from inflammation.
They are filled with cartilage that aids in shock absorption.
They contain muscle fibers that enhance joint movement.
What is untrue of the articular capsule of synovial joints?
It is two layers thick and encloses the synovial cavity.
The tough external fibrous layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
The inner synovial membrane is composed of loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.
The inner synovial membrane is composed of dense regular connective tissue that makes synovial fluid.
What is true about synovial fluid?
Viscous, slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
Lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
Contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris
What are the different types of reinforcing ligaments in synovial joints?
Medial, lateral, and posterior ligaments
Capsular, extracapsular, and intracapsular ligaments
Superior, inferior, and anterior ligaments
Long, short, and flat ligaments
In synovial joints, what are capsular reinforcing ligaments?
Thickened parts of the fibrous layer of the articular capsule
Distinct ligaments found outside the articular capsule
Distinct ligaments found deep to the articular capsule and covered by synovial membrane.
In synovial joints, what are extracapsular reinforcing ligaments?
In synovial joints, what are intracapsular reinforcing ligaments?
What do the nerve fibers in synovial joints do?
They secrete synovial fluid to lubricate the joint.
They provide structural support to the joint capsule.
They facilitate muscle contraction for joint movement.
They detect pain and monitor joint stretch and position.
All muscles attach to bone or connective tissue at no fewer than two points. What are these points called?
The origin is attached to the immovable bone and the insertion is attached to the movable bone.
The insertion is attached to the immovable bone and the origin is attached to the movable bone.
The anchoring point is attached to the immovable bone and the junction point is attached to the movable bone.
The junction point is attached to the immovable bone and the anchroing point is attached to the movable bone.
How does body movement occur?
When bones glide smoothly over each other
When muscles contract across joints and their insertion moves toward their origin
When ligaments stretch and return to their original shape
When tendons push bones away from each other
What terms describe the range of motion allowed by synovial joints?
Fixed, semi-fixed, and freely movable
Nonaxial, uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Single-plane, double-plane, triple-plane, quad-plane
Limited, moderate, extensive, unrestricted
What does nonaxial mean?
Slipping movements only
Movement in one plane
Movement in two planes
Movement in or around all three planes
What does uniaxial mean?
What does biaxial mean?
What does multiaxial mean?
What are the three general types of body movements?
Flexion, extension, hyperextension
Gliding, angular movements, rotation
Abduction, adduction, circumduction
Supination, pronation, inversion
What are gliding movements like those that occur at the intercarpal joints of the wrist?
Rotating one bone around its long axis
Bending a joint to decrease the angle between two bones
Sliding the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Moving a limb away from the midline of the body
Which of these are types of angular movements?
Flexion and extension
Hyperextension and abduction
Adduction and circumduction
What are angular movements?
Movements that rotate one bone around its long axis
Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones and may occur in any plane of the body
Movements that slide the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
Movements that move a limb away from or toward the midline of the body
What is flexion?
Decreasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Increasing the angle between two bones, usually in the sagittal plane
Moving a limb away from the body midline in the frontal plane
Moving a limb toward the body midline in the frontal plane
Which of these movements is not flexion?
Bending the head forward on the chest
Bending the body trunk from a straight to an angled position
Lifting the arm in an anterior direction
Spreading toes apart
What is extension?
Which of these movements is an extension?
Straightening a flexed limb or body part
Angling the neck backwards
Bending the knee backwards
Rotating the head left
What is hyperextension?
Extending a limb or body part beyond the anatomical position
What is abduction?
Moving a limb or finger so that it describes a cone in space
Turning a bone around its longitudinal axis
Which of these movements is not an abduction?
Raising the arm laterally at the shoulder
Spreading the fingers or toes apart
Lateral bending of the trunk away from the body midline in the frontal plane
What is adduction?
What is circumduction?
Rotating toward the median plane
Rotating away from the median plane
Why is circumduction an angular movement?
It involves a rotational movement around a central axis
It consists of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction performed in succession
It slides the flat surfaces of two bones across each other
It moves a limb in a straight line away from the body
What is a rotation movement?
What are medial and lateral rotations?
Medial rotates towards the median plane and lateral rotates away from the median plane
Medial rotates away from the median plane and lateral rotates towards the median plane
Medial rotates in a circular motion and lateral rotates in a linear motion
Medial rotates upwards and lateral rotates downwards
What are supination and pronation movements?
Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward
Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points downward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points upward
Supination involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while pronation involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward
Pronation involves the radius rotating over the ulna so the palm points upward, while supination involves the radius and ulna being parallel so the palm points downward
What is dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
Dorsiflexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and plantar flexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.
Plantar flexion lifts the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin and dorsiflexion depresses the foot so the toes are pointed.
Dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot medially and plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
Plantar flexion turns the sole of the foot medially and dorsiflexion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
What is inversion and eversion?
Inversion turns the sole of the foot medially and eversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
Eversion turns the sole of the foot medially and inversion turns the sole of the foot laterally.
Inversion lifts a body part superiorly while eversion moves the inverted part inferiorly.
Eversion lifts a body part superiorly while inversion moves the everted part inferiorly.
What are protraction and retraction movements?
The mandible is protracted when you just our your jaw and retracted when you bring it back.
The mandible is retracted when you just our your jaw and protracted when you bring it back.
Retraction is a portion of the body being moved forward on a plane parallel to the ground and protraction is a movement that results in the retracted portion of the body being moved on a parallel plane, back to its original position.
Scapular protraction pulls the shoulder blades together toward the spine and scapular retraction is when the scapulae move laterally away from the spine.
What are elevation and depression movements?
Elevation means lifting a body part superiorly and depression moves the elevated part inferiorly.
Depression means lifting a body part superiorly and elevation moves the depressed part inferiorly.
Elevation is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and depression is the posterior movement.
Depression is a nonangular anterior movement in a transverse plane and elevation is the posterior movement.
What is the opposition movement?
Bringing the thumb and a finger tip together across the palm
Moving the thumb in a circular motion
Moving the thumb towards the midline
Moving the thumb away from the midline
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Plane and hinge
Pivot and condylar
Saddle and ball-and-socket
What are plane synovial joints?
The shape of its articulating surfaces are flat and the only type of movements it can make are nonaxial.
They have a cylindrical surface that fits a in trough and it uses flexion and extension to make uniaxial movement.
They have a rounded surface (axle) that fits into a ring/sleeve and it uses rotations to make uniaxial movement.
They have an oval protuberance that fits into an elliptical cavity and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds except rotation & opposition.
What are hinge synovial joints?
They have a concave surface that fits in a convex surface and it is capable of biaxial movements of all kinds (including opposition) except rotation.
What are pivot synovial joints?
They have a spherical head that fits in a cup and is capable of multiaxial movement of all kinds except gliding and opposition.
What are condylar synovial joints?
What are saddle synovial joints?
What are ball-and-socket synovial joints?
Which of these are a plane joint?
Intercarpal joints
Elbow joints
Proximal radioulnar joints
Wrist joint and knuckles (metacarpophalangeal)
Which of these are a hinge joint?
Wrist joints and knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal)
Carpometacarpal joints of the thumbs
Which of these are a pivot joint?
Shoulder joints and hip joints
Which of these are condylar joints?
Which of these are saddle joints?
Which of these are ball-and-socket joints?
What is true of a cartilage tear?
Cartilage rarely repairs itself and the fragments may cause joint to lock or bind
Repaired with arthroscopic surgery to remove cartilage fragments which renders the joint less stable but more mobile (complete removal leads to osteoarthritis)
Caused when articular cartilage is subjected to compression and shear stress at the same time
What is true of a sprain?
Reinforcing ligaments are stretched or torn
Partial tears repair very slowly because of poor vascularization
If torn completely, 3 options: ends of ligaments sewn together, replaced with grafts, allow time and immobilization for healing
What is untrue of a dislocation?
Accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and difficulty moving joint
Caused by serious falls or contact sports where the bones are forced out of alignment
Must be reduced to treat (aka bone ends returned to their proper positions)
Also called a subluxation
What is a subluxation?
A partial dislocation of a joint
Inflammation of bursa, usually caused by blow or friction
Inflammation of tendon sheaths, typically caused by overuse
Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage the joints
What is bursitis?
Over 100 different types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases that damage joints
What is tendonitis?
What is arthritis?
What is untrue of arthritis?
Most widespread crippling disease in North America.
Symptoms: pain, stiffness, and swelling of joint
Acute forms: caused by bacteria, treated with antibiotics
Acute forms: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gouty arthritis
What is untrue of Osteoarthritis (OA)?
Most common type of arthritis and is an irreversible, degenerative (“wear-and-tear”) arthritis
Joints may be stiff and make crunching noise referred to as crepitus, especially upon rising
Treatment: moderate activity, mild pain relievers, capsaicin creams
OA is not usually part of normal aging process
Which statement best describes the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?
Osteoarthritis may reflect excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.
Osteoarthritis is characterized by inflammation of the joint capsule and excessive production of synovial fluid.
Osteoarthritis results from infection of the joints by bacteria or viruses.
Osteoarthritis is primarily caused by autoimmune reactions targeting the synovial membrane.
What is true of gouty arthritis?
It typically affects joint at base of big toe and in untreated gouty arthritis, bone ends fuse and immobilize joint
Deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissues, followed by inflammation
Treatment: drugs, plenty of water, avoidance of alcohol and foods high in purines (such as liver, kidneys, and sardines)
How do you treat rheumatoid arthritis?
Steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease pain and inflammation
Disruption of destruction of joints by suppressing immune system which slows the autoimmune reaction. Some agents target tumour necrosis factor to block action of inflammatory chemicals
Can replace joint with prosthesis
What is the first step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Inflammation of synovial membrane (synovitis) of affected joint
Inflammatory blood cells migrate to joint, release inflammatory chemicals that destroy tissues
Synovial fluid accumulates, causing joint swelling
Inflamed synovial membrane thickens into abnormal pannus tissue that clings to articular cartilage
What is the second step of rheumatoid arthritis?
Pannus erodes cartilage, scar tissue forms and connects articulating bone ends (ankylosis)
What is the third step of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the fourth step of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is the last step of rheumatoid arthritis?
What is pannus tissue?
Healthy cartilage found in joints.
Scar tissue formed after joint replacement surgery.
Abnormal tissue growth in the synovial lining of joints.
Fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone.
What is ankylosis?
Inflammation of the synovial membrane.
Abnormal bone fusion, leading to stiffness and immobility of a joint.
Degeneration of articular cartilage.
Excessive release of enzymes that break down articular cartilage.
What is untrue of rheumatoid arthritis?
Chronic and inflammatory
Has a known cause
Is an autoimmune disease (immune system attacks own cells)
Signs and symptoms include joint pain and swelling (usually bilateral), anemia, osteoporosis, muscle weakness, and cardiovascular problems
