Risk is expressed as a probability of suffering from all of the following, except
disease
economic loss
prejudice
injury
All of the following are considered to be cultural hazards, except
working conditions
drought
unsafe highways
criminal assualt
All of the following are considered to be biological hazards, except
protozoa
parasites
diet
bacteria
All of the following are considered to be natural hazards, except
driving
hurricanes
earthquakes
fires
A transmissible disease is not likely to be caused by a
bacterium
hazardous chemical
virus
parasite
All of the following are transmissible diseases, except
diabetes
flu
measles
HIV
A global outbreak of an infectious disease is called a(n)
threat
parademic
pandemic
epidemic
Tuberculosis is caused by
mosquitoes
viruses
Which of the following not a reason the incidence of tuberculosis is increasing?
too few TB screening and control programs
genetic resistance to antibiotics
effects of global warming
weakened immune systems from the spread of AIDS
All of the following are viral diseases, except
malaria
hepatitis B
AIDS
West Nile
Malaria is spread by
flies
contaminated feces
certain types of mosquitoes
Since 1970 the occurrence of malaria has
remained at the same levels
increased then leveled off
greatly increased
decreased then increased slightly
The top toxic substances in terms of human and environmental health include all of the following, except
lead
mercury
DDT
PCBs
The effects of neurotoxins can result in all of the following, except
behavioral changes
learning disabilities
hair loss
death
Teratogens
cause birth defects
are fatal to humans in low doses
are harmful because they are irritating to skin or lungs
cause infections
Birth defects can be caused by all of the following, except
alcohol
angel dust
benzene
iodized sodium chloride
Carcinogens cause
genetic defects
cancer
birth defects
allergic reactions
The system responsible for defense against disease and harmful substances is the
circulatory system
endocrine system
immune system
skeletal system
This term refers to the amount of a substance a person ingests, inhales, or absorbs through the skin.
toxicity
biological magnification
response
dose
___ relates to the increase in the amount of a potentially toxic substance as it passes through food chains and webs.
The ability of a substance to cause injury, illness, or death to a living system, is
biomagnification
This term refers to a substance’s resistance to breakdown.
persistence
The root cause of food insecurity is
war
poverty
corruption
climate change
The term undernutrition refers to people who consume
less than the basic number of daily calories
unbalanced meals
the wrong kinds of food
poor quality food
Many of the world’s poor only have access to a low-protein, high-carbohydrate, vegetarian diet and suffer from
chronic malnutrition
chronic undernutrition
famine
hunger
A severe shortage of food leading to mass starvation, many deaths, economic chaos, and social disruption, is called
food security
Anemia may be the result of a deficiency in
cobalt
iodine
iron
calcium
Approximately 26 million children each year suffer irreversible brain damage from lack of which of the following?
The term overnutrition refers to
when energy use is less than energy intake
eating unbalanced meals
eating poor quality foods
eating too much protein
Overnutrition and undernutrition both face all of the following health problems, except
lower productivity
higher rates of malaria
lower life expectancy
greater susceptibility to disease
Today in America, four of the top ten causes of death are diseases related to diet including all of the following except
down's syndrome
type 2 diabetes
some forms of cancer
stroke
The major goal of industrialized agriculture for any crop has been to steadily increase its
tolerance to weeds
yield per unit of land
purity
aesthetic qualities
Which of the following soil horizons is considered topsoil?
O
A
B
C
Irrigating crops creates a number of problems. Which of the following is not one of those problems?
boosts productivity on farms
salinization
depletes groundwater
waterlogging
What is the largest cause of soil erosion?
moving water
still water
wind
sink holes
When the productive potential of soil, especially on arid or semiarid land, falls by 10% or more because of prolonged drought and human activities, it is called
desertification
soil erosion
overgrazing
Repeated irrigation in dry climates leads to accumulation of salts in the upper layers of the soil, a process called
Genetically modified crops and foods have all of the following advantages, except
needs less fertilizer
needs less water
increases yields
grows faster
Four of the following are advantages of using aquaculture to produce fish; one is a disadvantage. Choose the disadvantage.
high yield in small volume of water
uses grain for feed for some species
low fuel use
high profits
One of the most important characteristics of a pesticide is how long it will stay deadly in the environment, a characteristic called
lethal dose
impact
usefulness
All of the following are alternatives to using pesticides, except
rotating crops planted in a field each year
provide homes for pest enemies
freeze the pests
bring in natural enemies
The best way to maintain soil fertility is through
applying animal manure
applying commercial inorganic fertilizer
soil conservation
using low till planting
It is more energetically efficient for us to eat more ________________
plant-based foods
herbivorous animals like cattle and chicken
food grown using IPM methods
GM foods
Carcinogens may be difficult to identify because
they are rare in nature
there is no way to measure the carcinogen potential of a substance
they are the least common toxicants
there is a long time lag between exposure to the agent and disease
Rachel Caron’s book Silent Spring focuses primarily on the environmental problems associated with
deforestation
overpopulation
pesticide toxicity
loss of biodiversity
If GMO crops can decrease pesticide use, why are environmentalists still concerned about them?
the government funds most GMO crop research
Trials involving biotech crops have increased dramatically in recent years
The FDA does not regulate them
Inserted genes can spread to nontarget species
The worldwise drop in sperm counts among men has been attributed to
endocrine disruptors
teratogens
radon
Synergistic effects of toxicants
re not numerous in the natural environment
are greater than the sum of the effects of the components
have effects of individual toxicants that tend to cancel one another out
lways involve synthetic toxicants
What are the properties of toxicants that are likely to build up in animals through bioaccumulation?
they are gases that readily carried by pesticide drift
they are non biodegradable and fat-soluble
hey are carcinogenic and mutagenic
they are biodgreadable and water soluble
Mercury is not readily excreted; it is stored in mammalian body tissues. This is best described as
toxification
synergism
distillation
bioaccumulation