__________ brace and anchor neurons to capillaries
microglia
astrocytes
ependymal
schwann
satellite
Choose the correct phrase
nerves are found in the PNS
tracts are almost entirely in the PNS
cranial nerves are found within the brain
gray matter is only in the cerebral cortex
white matter is only found in the brain
Choose the correct phrase about sensory neurons
the action potential of the central process flows toward the cell body
the peripheral process is closest to the CNS
the receptive endings are found on the peripheral process
most sensory neurons are bipolar
the cell body is wrapped by Schwann cells
Scenario: a neuron is being measured at -20mV and the voltage is increasing. Which is true?
potassium gates must be closed
it now requires a larger than normal graded potential to cause an action potential
a state of hyperpolarization exists
the cell would fire an action potential less easily
opening the potassium gates would depolarize the cell
Which is an all-or-none events?
receptor potentials
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
action potentials
all but one of these is graded
Which is true?
sodium gates open at +30 mV
potassium gates close at +30 mV
100 mV is required to open axonal calcium gates
opening sodium gates hyperpolarizes a neuron
potassium gates close to hyperpolarize a neuron
Which of the following is a positive feedback process?
receptor potential
EPSP
IPSP
action potential
all of these are positive feedback
the conduction velocity of axons is 100 meters per second
unmyelinated axons are faster because the myelin is obstructive
the action potential is smaller in shorter axons
absolute refractory occurs after relative refractory
saltatory conduction occurs in unmyelinated axons
What would happen if we blocked presynaptic calcium gates from opening?
presynaptic action potentials would never occur
presynaptic chemically sensitive gates would never open
postsynaptic potentials would not occur
the postsynaptic axon hillock would experience 5 mV stimulus
AChEase would not be able to keep up with the excess ACh
Choose the correct phrase about REM
also called slow wave sleep
occurs after slow wave sleep has been achieved
most nightmares occur during this phase of sleep
oxygen consumption is slightly less than in NREM
occurs between stages 2 and 3 of NREM
Parkinsonism is the result of a problem in the
medulla
cerebellum
diencephalon
midbrain
spinal cord
Important control centers for cardiac, respiration and blood pressure function are located in the
medulla oblongata
thalamus
pons
Where do we find the superior colliculi?
brain stem
The limbic system is associated with
controlling heart rate
emotions
precise motor activity
maintaining consciousness
relaying sensory impulses to the sensory map
Which structure controls sleep/wake cycles?
epithalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
substantia nigra
The axonal connections between gyri of opposite hemispheres are called
commissural
interventricular
projection
association
ascending and descending
Scenario: a person had a stroke affecting the left prefrontal cortex. As a result
sensations will not be felt on the left side of the body
sensations will not be felt on the right side of the body
problems moving left side effectors will occur
the person cannot hear from their right ear or see to their left
there may be problem with complex learning and intellect
Which is true about Broca's area?
is the main motor relay center
controls the substantia nigra
relays auditory reflexes
is also called the language area
controls some neck muscles
motor impulses are ascending
sensory impulses are efferent
association neurons typically possess central and peripheral processes
sensory cell bodies are located in the CNS
some motor cell bodies are located in CNS nuclei
What happens to pressure in the ventricular system if the cerebral aqueduct is blocked?
pressure falls in the 3rd ventricle
pressure rises in the 4th ventricle
no change in pressure
pressure rises in the 3rd, but falls in the laterals
pressure rises in the laterals
Which of the following is correct?
ACh is a neurotransmitter found only in the peripheral nervous system
ACh is only classified by structure or function, but not by both
biogenic amines are found in most PNS circuits
metabotropic neurotransmitters use intracellular second messengers
more than one of these is correct
A __________ is a cluster of cell bodies in the PNS
nerve
pyramidal cell
ganglion
nucleus
tract
Which of the following is correct about a resting neuron?
the sodium/potassium pumps are always running
potassium constantly leaks into the cell
sodium is always leaking out of the cell
the calcium pump maintains resting ion levels
calcium is found in the SR
__________ waves are seen when concentrating
alpha
beta
theta
delta
gamma
Which is a way the numerical value of the resting membrane potential can be expressed?
the inside of the fiber is 70mV
the outside of the fiber is -70mV
the inside of the fiber is 70mV more positive than the outside
the outside of the fiber is 70mV more positive than the inside
none of these conditions is correct
Which one of the following is true about memory?
almost unlimited data can be stored in STM
Na+ channel blockers helps memory
LTM neurons have different mRNA
LTM is limited to 7-8 bits of information
slight parasympathetic dominance helps memory processes
The membrane potential of a resting neuron is maintained by
Na+ gates
an active process
diffusion
passive forces
osmosis
A neurotransmitter that increases postsynaptic permeability to potassium results in
an EPSP
an IPSP
stabilization of sodium and potassium levels
a refractory period that lasts up to 2 seconds
breakdown of the all-or-none principle
During the absolute refractory period a second action potential can be produced
when the second stimulus is larger than the threshold
when the second stimulus is less than the 20mV
if multiple stimuli are given in a short duration
under no circumstances
if the cell is hyperpolarized
Which best defines the concept: summation?
neurotransmitter combines with a receptor on a postsynaptic neuron
several IPSPs have just reached threshold level
the effect of graded potentials are added together
the presynaptic neuron summates all of its vesicles
adding the total number of neurons in a specific circuit
What eventually happens when action potentials reach the axon terminals of an EPSP neuron?
calcium gates will open in the terminals
summation will always result
an action potential occurs in the postsynaptic dendrite
a single IPSP will always result
calcium exocytosis will cause neurotransmitter release
__________are small oval shaped phagocytes
microglial
satellite cells
oligodendrocytes
Which of the following is most correct?
the magnitude or size of the action potential is +30 mV
all axons send graded potentials to their terminals
action potentials must reach the axon hillock in order to start an action potential
20 mV must reach the axon hillock in order to start an action potential
it takes 20 mV to cause an action potential in a hyperpolarized cell
Select the correct statement
diverging circuits are amplifying circuits
converging circuits are common in sensory and motor pathways
parallel after discharge circuits are involved in problem solving skills
reverbrating circuits are circular pathways
all of these are true
a single neuron can release all types of neurotransmitters
gray matter is considered to be a tract
unmyelinated neurons are insulated from one another
a receptor potential is exactly like an action potential
Schwann cells build the endoneurium
Which is true about presynaptic inhibition?
increases the graded potential delivered to the postsynaptic cell
will reduce the graded potential experienced by the postsynaptic cell
increases parasympathetic neurotransmitter release
affects the amount of AChEase released
works just like a generator potential
Which is the best way to repolarize a neuron?
open sodium gates
use a sodium/potassium pump
open potassium gates
open both sodium and potassium gates at the same time
open chemically sensitive potassium gates
chemically sensitive gates are found in synapses
chemically sensitive sodium gates are found in axon membrane
due to diffusion, sodium wants to flow out of a normal neuron
chemically sensitive potassium gates are found in the axonal endings
calcium gates are mostly found in the postsynaptic dendrite
What happens if we reverse the wires on a meter that is measuring resting potential in a neuron?
the meter remains at -70 mV
the meter now reads +70 mV
the meter reads zero mV
the meter would jump to +30 mV
the meter indicates a hyperpolarized state
Which is true about graded potentials?
occur on axons and dendrites
are sometimes 100 mV in magnitude
they are considered all-or-none
their magnitude is typically -50 mV
could be 15 mV in magnitude
motor impulses are considered ascending
association circuits are exclusively in the spinal cord
activating glands is an afferent function
somatic pathways activate cardiac muscle
autonomic impulses control smooth muscle
Which cell is associated with multiple sclerosis?
ependymal cells
Schwann cells
Schwann cell membrane tightly wrapped around axons is called __________
neurilemma
node of Ranvier
myelin
endoneurium
perineurium
the transverse fissure separates frontal from parietal lobes
the central sulcus separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
we discussed only two fissures in the human brain
the lateral sulcus divides the cerebrum into two hemispheres
there are only two sulci
the dominant hemisphere is considered language dominant
the left hemisphere is always dominate
a person that is right dominant is always ambidexterous
art and music appreciation are attributed to the dominant hemisphere
logic, math, reasoning skills are associated with the non-dominant hemisphere
Scenario: a presynaptic neuron summates three 5 mV EPSPs. What happens?
a 105 mV potential will travel down it's axon
axon hillock will send 20 mV to the dendrites
100 mV will reach it's axonal endings
the postsynaptic cell will not receive neurotransmitter from it
postsynaptic dendrites will propagate an action potential
Which connects the cerebellum to the brain stem?
cerebellar peduncles
superior colliculi
the pons
cerebral peduncles
anterograde amnesia is the loss of past memories
absence seizures are the most severe form
eyes rapidly moving during NREM
"consciousness" is the best understood of all neurophysiology
tonic-clonic seizures were formerly called grand mal
Which is the "sensory map" of the body?
Broca's area
primary somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association cortex
prefrontal cortex
the general interpretation area
What would happen to a cell if you destroyed it's Nissl bodies?
it's function would be improved
protein production would be affected
ion gate function would immediately cease
ATP level would increase
mitochondria would increase activity to make more protein
