most of the body water is in
the intracelluar fluid
the extracellular fluid
tissue (interstitial) fluid
blood plasma and lymph
the transcellular fluid
osmosis from one fluid compartment to another is determined by
the temperature difference between compartments
the relative concentration of solutes in each compartment
the relative volume in each compartment
the relative size of each compartment
in which of these compartments would fluid accumulate in edema
intracellular fluid
transcellular fluid
blood plasma
lymph
most body water comes from ____ whereas most body water is lost via ____
metabolic water; cutaneous transpiration
metabolic water; sweat
drinking; cutaneous transpiration and expired air
drinking; urine
drinking; radiation
fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic neurons called
baroreceptors
propioceptors
nociceptors
osmoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates angiotensin II secretion
promotes water conservation
stimulates hypothalamic
osmorereceptors
argets the cerebral cortex
water output is significantly controlled through variations in
metabolic water
sweating
cutaneous transpiration
urine volume
drinking
when blood volume and pressure are too high
ADH release is inhibited.
ADH release is stimulated
renal tubules reabsorb more water
renal tubules reabsorb more sodium.
the kidneys produce less urine
prolonged exposure to cold weather can lead to
fluid sequestration in the upper limbs
hypotonic hydration.
hypovolemia.
positive water balance.
negative water balance
dehydration results in increased blood and ECF osmolarity. this makes osmoreceptors stimulate____ secretion by the hypothalamus ___ in the DCT and CD
ADH; decreasing water reabsorption
ADH; increasing water reabsorption
aldosterone; decreasing sodium and water reabsorption
aldosterone; increasing sodium and water reabsorption
angiotensin II; increasing sodium reabsorption
Hemorrhages...
decrease body water but do not significantly affect osmolarity
decrease body water but increase osmolarity
decrease body water and decrease osmolarity
increase ECF volume but decrease ICF volume
decrease ECF volume but increase ICF volume.
long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with
cooling of the mouth
distention of the stomach by ingested water
a drop in blood osmolarity
moistening of the mouth
increased salivation
this is the principal cation of the ECF
Ca 2+
Cl -
Na +
K +
Pi
aldosterone receptors are found on cells of
the adrenal cortex
the adernal medulla
the posterior pituitary
PCT
the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Aldosterone...
increases both Na+ and K+ reabsorption.
increases both Na+ and K+ secretion.
increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
reduces Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion.
causes the urine to be more diluted.
chloride homeostasis is achieved mainly as a result of ____ homeostasis
H2PO4-
PO43-
HCO3-
Na+
K+
the calcium of the body fluids does/is not
participate in muscle contraction
a significant component of nucleic acids.
serve as a second messenger
activate exocytosis.
important in blood clotting.
calcium concentration is regulated by
hormones
sodium and calcium concentration in plasma
chloirde and phosphate concentration in plasma
the parasympathetic nervous system
the sympatheic neverous syster
the major chemical buffers system of the body are the ___ systems
urinary and respiratory
urinary and digestive
bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein
bicarbonate, nucleic acids, and protein
bicarbonate, phosphate, and nitrate
what protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in blood plasma
fibrinogen
albumin
alpha globulins
gamma globulins
transferrin
what protein(s) is/are the most important buffer(s) in erythrocytes
hemoglobin
myoglobin
when the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into the tubular fluid, they ___ at the same time
secrete potassium
secrete sodium
reabsorb potassium
secrete chloride
reabsorb sodium
proteins can buffer a drop of pH by their ____ side groups and can buffer an increase in pH by their ____ side groups
-NH2; -PO4
-PO4; -COOH
-NH2; -COOH
-COOH; -NH2
-PO4; -NH2
in a person with normal acid-base balance, there are no bicarbonate ions in urine because
they are consumed by neutralizing H+.
they are reabsorbed by the renal tubule cells.
they are exchanged for CO2.
they are exchanged for Cl-.
they rapidly diffuse into the renal tubule cells.
in acidosis, the membrane potential of nerve cells is ___, which ____ the central nervous system
repolarized; inhibits
depolarized; stimulates
hyperpolarized; depresses
depolarized; depresses
hyperpolarized; stimulates
Blood Plasma osmolarity is higher than intracellular fluid osmolarity
In a state of water balance, average daily fluid gains and losses are equal
fluid intake is governed mainly by hypothalamic receptors called osmoreceptors
the kidneys secrete ADH in response to dehydration
Hypovolemic refers to a reduction in total body water while maintaining normal osmolarity
Aldosterone promotes potassium excretion
Natriuretic peptides promote sodium and potassium excretion
Hyponatremia is usually a result of hypotonic hydration
Hypocalcemia causes muscle weakness, whereas hypercalcemia causes potentially fatal muscle tetanus
Chloride homeostasis is regulated as a side effect of sodium homeostasis
The three physiological buffer systems are urinary, digestive, and respiratory
The kidneys neutralize more acid or base than any other buffer system
Acidosis is a pH lower than 7, whereas alkalosis is a pH higher than 7
Uncompensated alkalosis is a pH imbalance that can only be corrected with clinical intervention
a buffer system converts a weak acid or base into a strong one.
Hypernatremia is a plasma___concentration above normal
NaCl
Cl-
Hypernatremia tends to cause all of the following except
a reduction in plasma volume
a gain in plasma volume
reduction in blood
a again in blood
_____ is the most significant solute in determining the distribution of water among fluid compartments.
H+
____does not stimulate aldosterone secretion
High blood sodium concentration
Low blood sodium concentration
High blood potassium concentration
Low blood Potassium concentration
women have a tendency to retain water during part of the menstrual cycle because estrogen mimics the action of
aldosterone
plasma
blood
water
this is the most abundant cation of the ICF
the total body water (TBW) contente of a 70 kg young male is about
40L
4L
400L
4000L
this is the greatest determinant of intracellular volume
these scenarious are related with hyperkalemia except
resting membrane potential is more positive
resting membrane potential is more negative
In a state of hypokalemia
cells are hyperpolarized
cells are hypopolarized
cells remain the same
hypokalemia can result from all of the following except from
aldosterone hyposecretion
aldosterone hypersecretion
this is the moste abundant anion of the ECF
the inorganic phosphates (Pi) of the body fluids
form crystals with calcium in the presence of calsequestrin
form crystals with potassium in the presence of calsequestrin
excretion of phosphate
increases free calcium ions in the ECF
increases free potassium ions in the ECF
decreases free calcium ions in the ECF
decreases free potassium ions in the ECF
___ represents the complete chemical reaction for the bicarbonate buffer system.
CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+
H2CO3 <--> CO2 + H20
H+ + CO3 <--> H2CO3
tissue fluid normally has a pHof
7.35-7.45
8.35-8.45
7.15-7.25
7.85-7.95
A weak base
Binds little H+ and has a weak effect of pH
Binds little H+ and has a strong effect of pH
the pH of the intracellular fluid is buffered mainly by
proteins
carbohydrates
lipids
fatty acids
the bicarbonate buffer system would not work very well in the human body if not for the action of the respiratory sytem, which
expels CO2 produced by the buffer system
intakes CO2 produced by the buffer system
expels H2O produced by the buffer system
intakes H2O produced by the buffer system
an antiport system on the basal side of renal tubule cells
exchanges K+ for Na+
exchanges Na+ for K+
exchanges K+ for H+
exchanges Na+ for Cl-
in acidosis, the kidneys compensate by
secreting more ammonia
secreting more water
secreting more plasma
breathing with the head inside a plastic bag can lead to
respitory acidosis
metabolic alkalosis
excessive intake of antacids can lead to
chronic vomiting can lead to
repiratory acidosis
emphysema can lead to
