The First Crusade and the Background to it, 1070-1099

The place where the Seljuk Turks had originated from.

The place where the Turks had migrated recently from. They were heavily influenced by its culture and language.

The nomadic Islamic people who had invaded Anatolia in the 1060's after conquering Persia.

The Christian land that the Seljuk Turks overran after Manzikert, during the 1070's and 1080's.

The territories conquered by the Turks in Anatolia that became a separate sultanate.

The branch of religion that the Seljuk's had converted to. They recognised the titular authority of the Caliph in Baghdad.

The Shia Muslims who controlled Egypt and were at war with the Seljuk Turks over the Levant.

The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire and one of the greatest cities in the world.

The division between Eastern and Western Christians that had occurred in 1054.

A Turkish cousin of Alp Arslan. He established an understanding with Alexios I and was used to manage threats from the other Turks in Anatolia until 1086.

A Turk who established a semi - interdependent hold over Smyrna in southern Anatolia in 1084. His fleet threatened the Byzantine islands in the Aegean.

A semi - nomadic people that invaded the northern European Byzantine territories. by 1090 they had conquered many of them and were an imminent threat to Constantinople.

The battle in 1081 that was a decisive Norman victory over the Byzantines. The Normans overplayed their hand shortly after

In this year the Normans staged a second invasion of Byzantium but Byzantine forces were able to defeat this.

At this battle in 1091 the Pechenegs were almost completely annihilated by the Byzantine forces and their Cuman allies.

The Patriarch of Constantinople appointed by Alexios I in 1084. He proved loyal to the agenda of the emperor.

A group descended from the Vikings who had settled in Sicily and raided Byzantine territories.

A dispute between the papacy and secular princes, especially Henry IV, over who appointed bishops.

The allegedly ancient document that popes used to claim theoretical control over western Europe.

The alpine fortress where Emperor Henry IV begged Pope Gregory VII for forgiveness for three days in the snow in 1077.

The spiritual power that the bishops of Rome claimed from St. Peter.

A document listing the powers that the papacy claimed over the church and secular princes.

The imperial appointee as archbishop of Milan in 1075. This infuriated Gregory VII and developed into the wider investiture controversy.

The year that the Roman synod was held that forbade lay investiture. Appointments using it were to be invalid and those involved excommunicated.

The so-called soldiers of God that were armed men who fought to advance the interests of the papacy both within Italy and against Muslims.

The church council in March 1095 at which Alexios' letter was delivered to Urban II.

The church council at Aurvergne in southern France in November 1095 where Urban II launched the First Crusade.

What were the five traditional centres of Christianity; each had a patriarch called collectively. Three were in Muslim hands.

The centre of Christian faith. Pilgrimage to it had been disrupted by the Seljuk invasion.

The tomb in which Jesus Christ had been buried. It was the holiest relic in the Christian faith.

An attempt to prohibit all fighting between Western Christians at certain times.

An attempt to protect certain groups such as the church and poor peasants from violence.

The doctrine developed by St. Augustine that allowed for Christian violence in certain circumstances such as the reclamation of Christian lands.

The place that the papacy was already seeking to encourage Christians to attack Muslim lands.

This was a relic that was holy through proximity.

This was a relic that was literally a part of a saint. They were usually the focus of pilgrimage.

This was a desire to travel to holy places. The most important of which was Jerusalem.

An act to demonstrate that an individual was seeking forgiveness for their sins. This could include acts such as pilgrimage.

A promise made to crusaders that their previous sins would be wiped clean if they took part.

This meant that Christians saw their actions as justified and holy rather than the sin of murder.

The clash between a knights role to kill and the fear of committing murder. It was solved by the promise of sanctified violence.

These were natural phenomena that were ascribed to God giving direct instructions to undertake the crusade.

The centre of village life in western Europe. It oversaw birth, marriage and death it acted as the heart of the community.

The one-tenth of a Christians income given to the church as an act of religious devotion.

This force religiously motivated peasants and knights ignored Alexios' advice to wait for the princes and were massacred by the Turks.

A German count who led his 'crusading' forces in a pogrom against the Jews of the Rhineland.

A motivating factor regarding the potential to gain land that can best be seen in actions of Bohemond, Tancred and Baldwin.

An increasingly common law that meant eldest sons inherited, leaving younger sons with little.

This had affected Europe for several years inflicting great hardship on peasants. It might have encouraged him to leave for the holy land.

A motivating factor exploited by Urban II in his specific appeal to senior European nobles. It might have encouraged them to leave for the holy land.

This social tie played an important role for facilitating the participation for many of the crusader leaders including Baldwin and Tancred.

A crusader who was motivated by social pressure from his wife and by the presence of his kin on the crusade.

A knight and lieutenant of Peter the Hermit. His forces plundered Byzantine territory on the way to Constantinople.

A German city and site of an anti - Semitic pogrom in the summer of 1096 by Count Emicho.

The incorrect belief that Jews murdered and sacrificed Christian children. They were also blamed for the murder of Jesus.

The place where Emicho's army was destroyed.

The site of intrigue between Alexius and the crusader leaders. They were forced to take an oath to him.

The Turkish sultan of Rum. His Seljuk forces were defeated at Nicea and again at Dorylaeum.

A rival Turkish Dynasty that Kilij Arslan was at war with Anatolia. This benefited the crusade.

The first target of the Crusade. This city surrendered to the Byzantines and the crusaders felt betrayed.

Alexios' general and representative. He served as a guide/diplomat in Anatolia and led a small force with the crusade to Antioch.

This site of a major battle and victory for the crusaders in Antioch in July 1097. It demonstrated Bohemond's skill.

The extreme heat made this part of the journey very hazardous and many men were lost.

Tancred and Baldwin travelled here and virtually fought each other for control of its cities.

The crusade benefited from supplies from the Byzantine territory during the siege of Antioch.

The siege of this city took ten months and almost destroyed the crusade. It was finally given to Bohemond causing Byzantine fury and the end of Alexios' support for the First Crusade.

These brothers and rulers of Aleppo and Damascus failed to untie against the crusafers and attacked separately whilst the crusaders besieged Antioch.

The ruler of Mosul. He led a combined Muslim force to Antioch. It was defeated partly through internal disunity and ill- treatment of his men.

A convert to Islam who betrayed the garrison at Antioch after making a secret deal with Bohemond.

These Shia Muslims attempted to from an alliance with the crusaders against the Seljuks.

The construction and co-ordinated use of these demonstrated military skill and was vital to the capture of Jerusalem.

This so called relic was found in Antioch and played a massive role in raising crusader morale.

The vizier and chief advisor of Malik Shah. His death shortly before his master's in 1092 crippled the Seljuk empire.

The powerful Shia Fatimid caliph who death in 1094 was a major blow.

The religious conviction of these people carried the crusade forward the leaders were divided at Antioch and Maarat.

The capable Fatimid vizier who died very shortly after his master in 1094.

The sons of al- Mustansir who fought for the Fatimid throne after their father's death.

The Abbassid Sunni caliph of Baghdad who died in 1094.