What is conformity?
Conformity is a type of social influence in which an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with a group, because of group pressure
A type of conformity when an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with the group publicly and privately.
Saying yes to the demands of an authority figure
A type of conformity when an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with the group publicly but privately disagrees
What is Internalisation?
A type of conformity when an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with the group publicly and privately
A type of conformity when an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with the group publicly but privately disagree
A type of social influence in which an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with a group, because of group pressure.
What is compliance?
A type of conformity when an individual changes their beliefs, behaviours and attitudes to fit in with the group publicly but privately disagrees with what they are saying or doing.
What is Informational Social Influence?
This is when a person conforms because of the desire to be liked. They fear rejection and ridicule from the group and want to create peace and harmony.
This is when a person conforms for because of the desire to be right. They are unsure of how to act in the situation so they look to others in the group for help because they believe that the people in the rest of the group have the knowledge.
What is Normative Social Influence?
This is when a person conforms for the desire to be liked. They fear rejection and ridicule from the group and want to create peace and harmony so they behave in the same way of have the same opinion
What famous study of conformity was carried out by Solomon Asch?
People were put into pairs one of the being the learner and one the teacher however the learner was actually a confederate. The teachers had to ask the learners questions and every time a wrong answer was given an electric shock was to be given. It was found that 65% of participants continued to 450v.
Groups of people were shown pictures of 3 lines and were then asked which of these 3 lines was the same length as a test line. Only 1 person in the group was a true participant and the rest were confederates. Confederates would sometimes give the same wrong answers. When this happened the mean conformity rate was 32%. 75% of the participants conformed at least once in these trials.
How does the size of the group affect conformity?
When there was only one other person in the group conformity was 0%, when there were 2 others it was 14% and when there were 3 or 4 others it was 32%. After this conformity stayed the same.
When there was one other person in the group conformity was 14%, when there was 2 other people in the group conformity was 0% and when there was 3 or 4 other people conformity was 32%
When there was one other person in the world group conformity was 32%, when there was 2 other people in the group conformity was 14% and when there was 3 or 4 other people conformity was 0%
How does the statues of people in the group affect conformity?
If we think that other people in the group are of higher status than us, we are more likely to conform to their behaviour and vice-versa.
If we think that other people in the group are of lower status than us, we are more likely to conform to their behaviour and vice-versa.
If we think that other people in the group are of the same status as us, we are more likely to conform to their behaviour and vice-versa.
How does having support of others in the group affect conformity?
If someone else in the group agrees with you or disagrees with the group you are less likely to conform.
If someone else in the group disagrees with you or agrees with other people in the group people are less likely to conform
How does the difficulty of the task affect conformity?
If the task/decision is easy we are less likely to look to other in the group for guidance. This means conformity is less likely.
If the task/decision is hard we are less likely to look to others in the group for guidance. This means conformity is less likely.
What is obedience?
Saying no to the demands on an authority figure
What is defiance?
Saying no to the demands of an authority figure
What is the study for obedience and defiance?
Milgram - Electric Shocks
Asch - Line lengths
Schmitt et al
What is agency theory?
One explanation for why people obey authority figures when they carry out an authority figure. When we are obeying the wishes of an authority figure we could be in the agentic state, acting as representatives of the authority figure. This means that people feel that they have given up their individual responsibilty. Therefore people are more likely to obey orders if they are in the agentic state.
An explanation for why people obey orders. This refers to whether people see the person who is giving the order as real and authentic authority figure. If the person giving the orders is perceived as being qualified to direct other peoples behaviour then people accept their right to tell us what to do so obedience is more likely
Once the participants had begun obeying they found it hard to say they didnt want to continue. This was because what they were asked to do was only slightly different from what they had done previously
What is the perception of the legitimacy of the authority figure?
An explanation for why people obey orders. This refers to whether people see the person who is giving the order as real and authentic authority figure. If the person giving the orders is perceived as being qualified to direct other people’s behaviour then people accept their right to tell us what to do so obedience is more likely.
What is foot in the door explanation?
Once the participants had begun obeying they found it hard to say they didnt want to continue. This was because what they were asked to do was only slightly different from what they had done previously.
What is the autonomous state or lack of Agentic State
An explanation of defiance. Being in an autonomous state is being under ones own control and having the power to make ones own decisions. This means that people have responsibility for any actions that they do. Therefore people are more likely to defy orders if they are in the autonomous state.
What is lack of perceived legitimacy of the authority figure?
If the person giving the orders is not perceived as being qualifies to direct other peoples behaviour, people will not accept their right to tell us what to do so defiance is more likely
How does uniform affect obedience and defiance?
If the authority figure is wearing a uniform then people are less likely to obey than if there is no uniform. If the authority figure is wearing a uniform defiance is more likey.
If the authority figure is wearing a uniform then people are more likely to obey than if there is no uniform. I the authority figure is wearing a uniform then defiance is less likely.
How does location affect obedience and defiance?
When the location of the experiment takes place in a more prestigious place then obedience is more likely.
When the location of the experiment takes places in a run down location rather than a prestigious location then obedience is more likely.
How does the proximity (closeness) of the authority figure affect obedience and defiance?
If the authority figure went out of the room and gave instructions over the phone, obedience reduced to 20% and defiance increased to 80% during milgrams experiments.
If the authority figure went out of the room and gave instructions over the phone then defiance would decrease and obedience would increase in milgrams experiment
What is the Authoritarian personality?
Extremely prejudiced, extremely obedient to authority figures, respectful towards people perceived to be of higher status/authority figures, hostile to people perceived to be of lower status & preoccupied with power
Respectful to all people, friendly, down to earth
What is deception?
Deception is when the researcher doesn't tell participants the truth, for example why the study is being carried out.
This is when the participants give false information about themsleves e.g.personal details
This is when participants guess the aim of the study and do things to affect the results
What is right to withdraw?
Right to withdraw is that the researcher can remove participants from the study when they want
Right to withdraw is that participants have the right to leave a study/experiment at any time they wish
What is informed consent?
Informed consent is that participants should have the purpose of the study and procedure explained to them before taking part and having been told they should have given there permission to take part
Informed consent is that participants should have the purpose of the study and the procedure explained to them before taking part.
Informed consent is that participants should agree to taking part in the study before taking part
What is protection of participants?
Participants have responsibility for keeping themselves out of harm whilst doing the study
Researchers have a responsibility to protect participants from mental or physical harm
What is ecological validity?
This is the issue of whether behaviour in a study reflects everyday real life behaviour.
This is whether participants have guessed the aim of the study and it has affected the results
What is demand characteristics?
This is the issue of whether behaviour in a study reflects everyday real life behaviour
Demand characteristics occur when participants guess what the experiment is about even if as in the case of asch and milgram they were not told beforehand
What is Social Facilitation?
An improvement in the performance of a task in the presence of others (audience, competitor or co-actor) compared to their performance when alone.
When performance worsens when performing a task compared to when performing a task alone.
What is Social Inhibition?