Which of the following is a covalent post-translational modification of signal proteins which is also ATP-independent?
Phosphorylation
GTP Hydrolysis
Nitrosylation
Oxidation
Which of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most dangerous to cells?
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Superoxide anion radical (O2*-)
Hydroxyl radical (OH*)
When a signaling protein hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate, order is produced. The resulting order is reflected in the formation of more protein-protein interactions.
For a generic switching reaction, which of the following statements is the most correct?
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" always requires energy.
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" or "OFF" requires energy, but only one direction for the switch must be linked to an energy-supplying reaction.
Switching a signal-processing protein "OFF" always requires energy.
Switching a signal-processing protein "ON" always requires energy, and switching a signal-processing protein "OFF" also always requires energy.
Which of the following terms refers to the way in which the binding of signal molecules alter conformation equilibrium for signal-processing proteins?
allostery
scaffolding
covalent interaction
adaptation
Which of the following is not a strategy for maintaining and improving stability in a signal-processing system?
noise filtering
redundancy
encoding
pattern generation
Which of the following types of proteins acts to vastly speed up signal transduction by pre-assembling signaling proteins into a signaling complex?
noise-filtering proteins
proteins with one or more isoforms (alternatively-spliced proteins)
adaptor proteins
scaffold (scaffolding) proteins
Which statement is false?
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell takes advantage of the modular design of proteins to link specific outputs to specific inputs.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell employs at least 4 mechanisms to maintain and improve stability.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell controls the availability and non-availability of interaction domains to govern how a signal is processed
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell uses proteins as switching elements.
The data-processing protein network ("brain") of a cell rarely links short-range and long-range signaling during signal transduction.
Which family of proteins acts as unfoldases to dissociate protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes?
the large (trimeric) G-protein family
the small G-protein family
the chaperone family
the AAA+ protein family
Chaperone proteins such as heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) use the energy of _____ hydrolysis to enable misfolded steroid hormone receptors to go from native state (stable but non-functional state) to functional state.
ATP
glutathione
phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)
GTP
For the phosphorylation switch, which of the following amino acids is not a common target of phosphorylation?
threonine (Thr)
lysine (Lys)
serine (Ser)
tyrosine (Tyr)
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes protein kinases that are activated by cAMP and cGMP?
the CMGC kinases
the Ste11 family
the AGC family
the Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinases
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes protein kinases that phosphorylate Ser and Thr amino acids in the neighborhood of Pro residues?
Which of the major subfamilies of protein kinases includes mainly protein kinases that are constituents of MAP kinase modules?
