i. Apply relevant knowledge, theory, experience, standards, principles, or models from the liberal arts, biological, behavioral, and nursing sciences as a framework for interpretation. Utilize cognitive, empirical, intuitive, and reflective processes for clinical reasoning. Holistically collect and purposefully analyze data to identify clinical problems, questions, or issues among individuals, families, groups, and communities. Appraise and acknowledge salient factors to determine the level of health and well-being present. Develop a prioritized plan of care based on effective decision making and grounded in theory, experience, standards of care, and/or care bundles. Deliver safe, competent, and effective, holistic nursing care based on individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. Analyze and apply levels of evidence to develop a professional practice that reflects bet evidence based practices in patient care management. Evaluate the efficiency, effectiveness, and quality of care provided relation to expect patient outcomes or benchmarks. Explain how the interrelation

i. Use cognitive, psychomotor and/or affective therapeutic interpersonal processes to comfort, value, nurture, and facilitate health and well-being of individuals, families, groups, communities, and populations. Convey unconditional, positive regard, honor, intention, respect, and hope to clients, intraprofessional and interprofessional team members. Practice holistic carative behaviors that enhance both patient care and self- care. Provide safe, skilled, nursing care interventions in accordance with standards of practice. Incorporate complementary and alternative health modalities and holistic healing interventions in nursing practice. Provide patient-centered care in the context of holistic health promotion, disease prevention, risk reduction, holistic illness care, rehabilitation and palliation

i. Use appropriate written, verbal, and nonverbal communication skills. Develop and demonstrate the effective communication abilities of presence, intention, centering, professionalism, active listening, and interpersonal/transpersonal connection when working with clients, faculty, peers, and members of the healthcare team. Use principles of therapeutic communication in the delivery of nursing care. Acknowledge and use the contributions of clients and members of the health care delivery systems. Demonstrate communication behaviors that facilitate and maintain patient safety and quality care. Document nursing care according to current professional, ethical, and legal guidelines. Recognize and utilize standard nursing language systems. Delegate tasks to others in accordance with professional, ethical, and legal standards. Represent the Department of Nursing and affiliating agencies with respect and dignity. Advocate for safe, quality, nursing care. Demonstrate effective teaching/learning principles & strategies in the classroom and in the healthcare setting taking into consideration le

i. Facilitate and advocate for clients through the life span and health continuum recognizing patterns and salience of transition indicators, facilitators and inhibitors, Incorporate the Patient Bill of Rights and Professional Organization Standards in client care situations. Demonstrate personal responsibility and accountability for professional behaviors. Transition to the professional role from classroom, lab, and theory to professional clinical practice. Transition from knowledge and practices of self - care to the care of individuals, to clients, clients and their families, to multiple individuals, and to the community and population arenas. Develop principles of leadership and professionalism during the transition to the role of the beginning professional nurse. Integrate principles of change theory while navigating transitional conditions in the education process and within healthcare environments.

i. Develop cultural awareness, knowledge, and skill, toward the desire to work holistically with clients from diverse backgrounds. Be sensitive to and respect the beliefs, values, norms, lifeways, and health care practices of individuals and groups from diverse backgrounds. Acquire knowledge about a client and/or cultural group and practice skills of cross-cultural communication, cultural assessment, cultural interpretation, and intervention when providing care. Engage effectively in cross-cultural encounters in the educational or healthcare setting.

i. Provide for care coordination and continuity across health care settings. Involve clients, their support systems, and other health care professionals when providing and managing nursing care in a variety of settings. Function effectively in intra/interprofessional collaboration and teamwork. Analyze safety and quality concerns in health care systems.Demonstrate competent skills with clinical information systems and clinical technologies with regard for human-machine interactions and latent effects. Adopt and comply with ethical and legal principles related to professional nursing practice. Recognize the influence of health policy and economics on the healthcare system and on health outcomes.

Time period where there was poor social conditions. Nurses were viewed as servants, and women were lesser than men. Nurses were often prisoners/prostitutes. Church orders participated in care to orphans and the poor.

Poor training for doctors, early hospitals were dirty and or the poor or for isolation of contagious diseases.

Nurses of color in the US received little recognition for nursing efforts.

Primarily on the job training/apprenticeship combined with classroom training. Programs were not consistent. Separate hospitals and training programs for whites and women of color. Programs were strict. They require a code of conduct and long hours.

Nurses must graduate from high school and register before practicing. Army and Navy Nurse Corpse developed.

Nurse anesthetist specialty started. Nurses served as part of Cadet Nurse Corpse. Women, infants, and children received health care from Frontier Nursing Service.

Nurses unemployed in Depression. Social Security Started. "New Deal" provides medical care and need for nursing service (with skill in public health). Nurses had to pass a licensing exam by the end of the year.

Flight nursing started. Many nurses served in Cadet Nurse Corpse (some with officer designation).

Women encouraged to become homemakers. Hill-Burton Act: hospitals built, all people must receive access to care-discrimination is not allowed, free services available to who cannot pay. LPN programs start and AD programs start. Many BSN programs developed.

Start of women's movement (decreased in RN enrollment). Medicare changes lead to RNs in hospital settings and increased hospital treatment for patients.

Women's movement leads to demand for better wages/work conditions. Most nurses educate in diploma programs. Nurses developed community programs.

Focus on healthcare cost containment with decreased length of hospital stay. Start to move to community/outpatient care. Increased popularity of nurse practitioners.

Healthy People 2000 (national health goals focused on health promotion, health education and disease prevention). AIDS & Universal Precautions. Movement to prevent/health promotion & community care.

Continued focus on an increased variety of nursing certification specialty areas or practice (ex: mental, health, gerian, and educator). Continued growth in technology and informatics. "Future of Nursing" national campaign launched by Johnson and Johnson. Health Care Systems; other investments to deal with nursing shortage. Clinical Nurse Leaders and DNP education new focus. Continued focus on community/public health and client-centered approaches to practice. Realities of a dynamic, changing health care system.

More nurses are needed during times of war.

Angel of Mercy, Female Profession, Nurse as a Love Interest, Naughty Nurse or Sex Bombshell, Nurse as a Handmaiden, Nurse as Battle-axe, Male Nurse as out of place in the profession

How they are portrayed by medai. How we view ourselves (just a nurse).

o New graduated are entering profession at younger ages. >1/2 of nurses practice in hospitals. 40% of all healthcare professionals are RNs. Nurses of color are most likely to attain graduate degrees. Modern health care institutions exist to deliver nursing care. The public highly values the profession. Nursing’s heroic and noble public image is etched in stone, glass, and canvas. Nurses have a high sense of satisfaction with their profession. The American Assembly of Men in Nursing is working to positively affect factors related to men in nursing. 49% of CRNAs are men. Nurses are at the bedside, in the community, researchers, running companies.

Find your voice: speak to media, friends about nursing. Tell your story: Nursing offers more than bedside nursing. Reserve the word "nurse" for licensed nurses. Explain differences in LPN, RN, and NP.

Specialized knowledge: evidence based. Higher education. Sense of mission. Autonomy. Ethics. High intellectual level. High level of individual responsibility and accountability. Specialized body of knowledge.

Nursing has special Knowledge. Standard Nursing Language (SNL), Nursing knowledge consist of theory, concepts, competencies, and research.

Provide client/family- centered care. Collaboratively work in Inter-Professional Teams. Employ evidence-based practice. Apply quality improvement principles. Utilize informatics.

o 3+ millions RNs in the US. 82% employed in nursing. Most employed in hospitals (61.7%). Increasing age (average age 48 yrs.). Remains primarily a Caucasian female profession (93.4% female and 83.2% white). Increasing in number of male nurses (total 6.6%). Initial degree with BSN growing (52.8% BSN & 47.8% AD). Primary focus for post degree (masters: 49% clinical practice: doctorate: 24% education & 22% research. Principle job title( staff/client care 61.7%, management/adm. 12.4%, care coordinator 5.4%, advanced practice 6%)

They oversee the licensure. Give NCLEX Exam. Oversee renewal.

 State of well-being that is culturally defined, valued, and practiced. Encompassing the interconnected biophysical, psychological, social, and spiritual domains. Not merely the absence of disease. Determined by the environment and situations as individuals, groups, families, and populations travel along a wellness continuum. To holistically facilitate health across the lifespan. Through integrative practices in health promotion, disease prevention. Care of illness, risk reduction, rehabilitation, and palliation

 “The nursing activities that create a compassionate, supportive, and therapeutic environment for patients and staff with the aim of promoting comfort and healing and preventing unnecessary suffering.” An essential dimension of nursing that embraces the act and science of transpersonal interactions with individuals, families, communities, and the world. Behaviors are demonstrated in actions such as those that comfort, nurture, and value the self and others. As the professional nurse engages in care-giving interventions and complimentary/alternative & integrative healing modalities and through the use of self as an instrument of healing.