Psychology is the science of processes and .
Carl Rodgers and Abraham Maslow (who studied the Human Perspective of modern psychology) emphasized on and experiences and the empowerment of the individual to become the best he/she can be (or to ).
Modern psychologists are , approaching problems from multiple perspectives.
Psychologists believe have multiple causes.
, who continued John Watson's work after his scandal, studied how to manipulate behavior by changing the consequences of behavior.
Edward Titchener was the one who created Structualism Introspection Functionalism Gestalt Psychology Behaviorism( Structualism, Introspection, Functionalism, Gestalt Psychology, Behaviorism ).
William James created/studied Functionalism Structuralism Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Introspection( Functionalism, Structuralism, Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Introspection ).
Max Mertheimer created/studied Gestalt Psychology Structuralism Introspection Functionalism Behaviorism( Gestalt Psychology, Structuralism, Introspection, Functionalism, Behaviorism ).
John Watson created/studied Behaviorism Gestalt Psychology Structuralism Introspection Functionalism( Behaviorism, Gestalt Psychology, Structuralism, Introspection, Functionalism ).
Psychodynamics is the modern version of psychoanalysis.
Behavior is any action.
Edward Titchener is the father of psychology.
Wilheim Wundt was the first to attempt to bring objectivity/measurement in psychology and founded the 2nd and largest psychology laboratory.
Sigmund Freud focused on the role of consciousness, where unwanted urges and desires are pushed towards and also studied dream interpretation.
Pavlov tried to created a phobia in a little baby (Little Albert) using the conditioning technique he discovered, also known as classical conditioning.
The Sociocultural Perspective combines social and cultural psychology.
Psychodynamics focused more on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior.
Social Psychology is the study of cultural values within groups.
The Attachment Theory is defined as a type of bond that forms between an infant and its parents.
Operant conditioning is defined as responding to certain ques.
Pavlov was interested in reflexes and discovered that reflexes could be conditioned (learned).
Mental processes are...
perceptions
thoughts
feelings
all of the above
What are the goals for psychology?
To describe what is happening
To explain why it is happening
To predict what will happen next, will it happen again, or if *blank* happens, then will *blank* happen?
To control it or how to modify it
Functionalism is defined as....
The study of the function of consciousness: how the mind allows people to work, play, and adapt to new circumstances.
The study of consciousness by trying to understand its smallest, most basic elements.
The study of observable behavior.
How we experience the world.
Structuralism is defined as....
Introspection is defined as....
An objective way of looking into the mind.
Gestalt Psychology is defined as....
The study of the consciousness by trying to understand its smallest, most basic elements.
Who translated many of Wundt's works into English?
Edward Titchener
William James
Sigmund Freud
Max Wertheimer
Who worked with patients whose complaints (illnesses) had no identifiable physical cause?
John Watson
Pavlov
Wilheim Wundt
Who continued John Watson's work after he left his academic job after a scandal?
BF Skinner
Steven Greening
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rodgers
Humanists held the view that people have free will: the freedom to choose/shape their own destiny and tend to center around client-centered therapy.
The Cognitive Perspective grew in part out of Gestalt Psychology and involves how people think, forget, and store information (like languages, problem solving, intelligence, traumatic events, etc...).
Cultural psychology is the study of cultural values and norms or standards of behavior.
Cognitive neuroscience studied the and processes.
The perspective states that mental processes can be explained by the interaction with biological factors like or hormones.
The Evolutionary Perspective grew in part out of and argues that human behavior is a result of psychological that help people successfully function and survive.
Identify the Psychological Profession by the description:
Doctoral degree and specialized training in one or more field of psychology (clinical, counseling, developmental, cognitive, social, biological, personality...). Some do basic research; others do applied research, some do both.
Psychologist
Therapist
Psychiatrist
Some psychologists are trained in this field's namesake, which involves psychological interventions. Some other professions also do psychotherapy, sometimes from specific perspectives (social workers, marriage counselors, family. With few exceptions these psychologists are not allowed to prescribe medication.
Psychologists
Therapists
Both the first and second answer
These have a medical specialty and go to medical school before specializing in the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. They often use medication as a treatment.
Confirmation Bias is the tendency to , , and information in a way consistent with your own prior beliefs.
The Scientific Method is a system for reducing bias and error in measurement and data. This is used in psychology to accomplish the goals of description, explanation, control, but not prediction.
Which of the following is/are methods of studying psychology?
Descriptive
Correlations
Experimenting
What are some studies that can be done under Descriptive Methods of psychology?
Naturalistic Observation
Laboratory Observation
Case Studies
Survey Methods
Sampling
Naturalistic Observation is the study of one individual in great detail.
What is the advantage of naturalistic observation?
You get a realistic picture of behavior.
You can observe people secretly.
There's less work involved.
It's the easiest method of studying animals/humans.
What is/are the limitations of naturalistic observation?
The Observer Effect
Participants Observation
Blind Observer
Each naturalistic setting is unique and observations may not hold
The is the tendency of people or animals to behave differently from normal when they know they are being watched.
What are the advantages of laboratory observation?
Control over the environment
Allows use of specialized equipment
Realistic picture of behavior
Tremendous amount of detail
How would one reduce the observer effect in naturalistic observation?
Participant Observer
There is no way to reduce the observer effect
What are the limitations of laboratory observation?
Artificial situation that may result in artificial behavior
Can be difficult to generalize findings to "real world" situations
People are not always accurate
Participant observation is a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed to reduce observer bias.
A blind observer a naturalistic observation in which the observer becomes a participant in the group being observed to reduce observer effect.
Case studies are...
The study of one individual in great detail
Watching animals or humans in a laboratory setting
Watching animals or humans behave in their natural environment
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people
What is/are an advantage(s) of a case study?
Data from large numbers of people
Study covert behaviors (get personal info)
Rich source of hypothesis generation
The limitation of a case study is that findings may not generalize to other people.
Survey methods is a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people.
What are the advantages of survey methods?
study covert behaviors (get personal info)
What are the limitations of of survey methods?
Small variations in wording used or order of questions can affect outcome
Researchers have to ensure representative sample if interested in generalizing findings
Findings may not generalize to other people
is the entire group of people or animals the researchers are interested in.
A is a randomly selected sample of subjects for a larger population.
is a measure of the relationship between two variables.
