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List some factors that oppose bone resorption.
List some factors that oppose bone formation.
List some factors that promote bone resorption.
List some factors that promote bone formation.
Which technique is used to determine bone mineral density by calcium levels?
What is a T-score with regard to bone mineral density?
What is a Z score with regard to bone mineral density?
Is a T score or a Z score more relevant in a postmenopausal woman?
When looking at the x-ray produced by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry to determine bone mineral density, what type of bone is one looking for the amount of?
What is one's peak bone mass? When is it reached?
Which has the largest contribution to peak bone mass: genetics or the environment?
What is the most common bone disorder in post-menopausal women?
In osteoporosis there is excessive bone destruction. What is the imbalance in bone formation/resorption that results in this?
Quantitatively, how is osteoporosis defined?
What complications is osteoporosis associated with?
Along with stimulating the production of osteoprotegerin (OPG) to limit osteoclastic activity, what else does oestrogen do to the same end?
What is primary osteoporosis?
What is secondary osteoporosis?
What three deficiencies are likely to be seen in primary osteoporosis?
How do low vitamin D levels contribute towards osteoporosis development?
How might chronic kidney failure lead to secondary osteoporosis?
How might Cushing's disease lead to secondary osteoporosis?
How might hyperparathyroidism result in secondary osteoporosis?
How might hyperthyroidism result in secondary osteoporosis?
How might hypogonadism result in secondary osteoporosis?
How might diabetes mellitus lead to secondary osteoporosis?
Osteoporosis is characterised by decreases in...?
Why do grannies get shorter as they age?
What is kyphosis, or Dowager's hump? How is it formed?
In osteoporosis, why are the hip and femoral bones at most risk of fracture?
What is osteopenia?
How might osteopenia be treated?
What is osteopetrosis?
What is myeloma?
In myeloma, what two factors result in increased osteoclastic activity?
What type of lesion is most common in myeloma?
The level of bone loss in which other condition is comparable with that of myeloma?
Why is myeloma so difficult to treat?
