The bulk of the carbon compounds that make up the cytoplasm of the cells consist of:
Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Fats
Absorption of the products of digestion by animals is described as:
Heterozygous nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition
Trophic mission
Heterotrophic nutrition
The mammalian gut is a ___ tube connecting the ___.
long, hollow muscular | mouth to the anus
short, hollow muscular | mouth to the stomach
hollow, bony | stomach to the anus
long | stomach to the anus
Ingestion is :
mechanical digestion by the action of teeth and the muscular walls of the gut.
food taken into the mouth for processing in the gut.
chemical digestion by enzymes, mainly in the stomach and intestine.
chemical digestion by enzymes, mainly in the mouth and pharynx.
Mechanical digestion is ___ and chemical digestion is ___ .
the action of teeth and the muscular walls of the mouth | by enzymes, mainly in the stomach and intestine
by enzymes, mainly in the stomach and intestine | the action of teeth and the muscular walls of the gut
the action of teeth and the muscular walls of the gut | by enzymes, mainly in the stomach and intestine
Absorption is the process of..
insoluble products of digestion absorbed into the blood circulation system.
fat droplets of digestion absorbed into the lymphatic system.
soluble products of digestion absorbed into the blood circulation system.
water from digestion absorbed into the blood stream only.
assimilation is the process of..
products of digestion absorbed from blood into body cells and used or stored.
only fat droplets from digestion absorbed from blood into body cells and used or stored.
products of digestion excreted from body cells into blood.
Egestion is the process of ___, expelled from the body as faeces.
Bacteria from the gut flora
Bacteria from the gut floor
Digested food
Undigested food
Products of digestion
Dead cells from the lining of the gut
Dead cells from all over the body
Digestion is an essential step because..
most ingested substances consist of insoluble molecules that are too big to cross the gut wall and enter the blood stream.
most ingested substances consist of soluble molecules that are too small to cross the gut wall.
ingested fats are insoluble molecules that are too big to cross the gut wall and enter the blood stream.
some ingested substances are insoluble molecules that are too big to enter the blood stream.
In order to be absorbed, lipids, carbohydrates and proteins must be hydrolysed and emulsified to..
polysaccharides
monosaccharides
amino acids
simple fats
peptides
fatty acids
disaccharides
fat droplets
glycerol
free amino acids
The first stage in the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules is ___.
both mechanical and chemical digestion
chemical digestion
ingestion
mechanical digestion
absorption
Peristalsis is the process of..
waves of contraction and relaxation of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the gut wall to propel food along.
waves of contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the gut wall to propel food along.
Squeezing of circular and longitudinal muscles of the gut wall to condense food along.
___ follows mechanical digestion and is brought about by ___ produced in specialised cells in glands associated with the gut.
Chemical | digestive enzymes
absorption | enzymes
Chemical | one protein catalyst
To complete the digestion process, ___ secreted onto food work together with those in the ___ of cells of the ___.
enzymes | mitochondria | gut lining
protein catalysts | plasma membranes | stomach lining
hormones | plasma membranes | gut lining
enzymes | plasma membranes | duodenum
enzymes | plasma membranes | gut lining
The enzyme amylase is secreted from the ___ and breaks down ___ into ___.
salivary glands | starch | maltose
gastric glands | protein | polypeptides
pancreas | triglyceride | fatty acids and glycerol
salivary glands | protein | maltose
gastric glands | starch | maltose
pancreas | starch | sucrose
The enzyme pepsin is secrets from the ___ and breaks down ___ into ___.
pancreas | protein | peptides
salivary glands | starch | fatty acids and glycerol
gastric glands | protein | peptides
pancreas | triglyceride | maltose
The enzyme lipase is secreted from the ___ and breaks down ___ into ___.
gastric glands | triglyceride | maltose
pancreas | starch | polypeptides
salivary glands | protein | polypeptides
pancreas | triglyceride | glycerol and fatty acids
The human stomach is a __-shaped muscular bag located ___ in the ___, below the ___ and ___ .
J | high | abdominal cavity | diaphragm | liver
L | high | abdominal cavity | rib cage | liver
J | low | rib cage | diaphragm | abdominal cavity
O | low | chest | liver | diaphragm
In the wall of the ___ there are millions of tiny pits called ___ which secrete the components of ___ .
gut | gastric glands | gastric juice
stomach | gastric glands | gastric juice
stomach | salivary glands | amylase
gut | mucosa | gastric mucus
Examples of components of gastric juice secreted by gastric glands are:
Chyme
Hydrochloric Acid
Pepsin
Other Protease Enzymes
The whole ___ lining is supplied with ___ that secrete ___ which is used to ___ and ___ .
gut | mucus | goblet cells | shield the stomach from HCL and proteases of gastric juice | prevent autolysis
stomach | mucus cells | goblets | coat the inner lining of the stomach in HCL and proteases of gastric juice | bring on autolysis
stomach | goblet cells | mucus | shield the stomach's inner lining from HCL and proteases of gastric juice | prevent autolysis
gut | goblet cells | mucus | prevent autolysis | drain the stomach of the proteases of gastric juice
Digestion of carbohydrate, lipids and proteins is completed in the ___ where the innermost layer of the wall is formed into finger-like projections called ___ .
small intestine | villi
pancreas | villi
small intestine | flagella
large intestine intestine | villi
Food enters the first part of the small intestine ( ___ ) and here the ___ meets the ___ from the ___ .
ileum | chyme | bile | bile duct and pancreatic juice from the pancreas
duodenum | chyme | bile | bile duct and pancreatic juice from the pancreas
duodenum | bile | chyme | bile duct and pancreatic juice
duodenum | chyme | bile | bile duct and pancreatic juice from the pyloric sphincter
Bile is ___ and neutralises the ___ of the ___ . Though bile contains ___, it lowers the surface tension of large fat ___ and causes them to break into ___ -___ .
strongly alkaline | acidity | chyme | no enzymes | globules | tiny droplets | emulsification
strongly alkaline | acidity | chyme | no enzymes | globules | tiny droplets | verification
slightly alkaline | acidity | tyme | no enzymes | droplets | tiny globules | emulsification
strongly alkaline | acidity | chyme | few enzymes | globules | tiny droplets | hydrolysation
___ contains many enzymes e.g. ___ that catalyse the hydrolysis of ___ to ___ , ___ and ___ .
Pancreatic juice | amylase | starch | maltose | lipase | proteases
Pancreatic juice | amylase | peptides | maltose | lipase | proteases
Pancreatic juice | amylase | starch | lipase | maltose | proteases
Pancreatic juice | protease | starch | maltose | lipase | amylases
All the enzymes act as the ___ , ___ and ___ are mixed together - a form of ____ called ___.
bile
chyme
peristalsis | segmentation
segmentation | peristalsis
pancreatic juice
peristalsis | segregation
salts
gastric juice
Villi in the ____ are coated with ___ that expend energy in the ___ of most of the products of digestion which involves ___ .
large intestine | epithelial cells | diffusion | protein pump molecules in the plasma membrane activated by reaction with ATP.
small intestine | goblet cells | active transport | protein pump molecules in the plasma membrane activated by reaction with ATP.
small intestine | epithelial cells | active transport | protein pumps activated by reaction with ATP.
small intestine | epithelial cells | active transport | protein pump molecules in the plasma membrane activated by reaction with ADP.
Villi..
provide a huge surface area for absorption.
single layer of small cells packed with mitochondria for active uptake across the plasma membrane.
lubricate the movement of digested food along the gut.
provide a large surface area for the uptake of amino acid and monosaccharides only.
provide a small surface area for absorption.
Epithelium cells..
lubricate the movement of food along the gut.
are a branch of the lymphatic system into which triglycerides pass for transport to body cells.
provide a single layer of small cells packed with mitochondria for active uptake across the plasma membrane.
provide a large surface area for the diffusion of monosaccharides only.
Pump proteins in the plasma membranes of epithelium cells..
actively transport substances across the plasma membrane into the villi.
actively transport substances across the plasma membrane into the blood stream.
actively transport substances across the villi into the epithelium cells.
Network of capillaries..
provide a small surface area for the uptake of the products of digestion.
provide a large surface area for the products of digestion to be absorbed through via osmosis.
provide a large surface area for the uptake of the products of digestion.
Lacteal..
is a single layer of tiny cells packed with mitochondria for active uptake across the plasma membrane.
is a branch of the circulatory system into which triglycerides pass for transport to body cells.
provides a large surface area for the uptake of triglycerides and monosaccharides only.
is a branch of the lymphatic system into which triglycerides pass for transport to the blood stream.
is a branch of the lymphatic system into which triglycerides pass for transport to body cells.
Mucus from goblet cells in the epithelium..
provides a large surface area for the active uptake of the products of digestion into the blood stream.
lubricates the movement of digested food among the villi and protects plasma membrane of epithelial cells.
facilitates the movement of undigested food from the blood stream into body cells.
In the first stage of assimilation, ___ are transported from the ___ by the ___ to the ___ .
nutrients and amino acids | small intestine | capillary network | liver
amino acids | small intestine | capillary network | Ileum
nutrients | large intestine | villi | liver
nutrients and amino acids | small intestine | lacteal | anus
___ are absorbed as ___ into the ___ vessels and then carried by the ___ system to the blood circulation outside the heart.
Lipids | fatty acids and glycerol | lacteal | circulatory
Lipids | fatty acids and glycerol | lacteal | lymphatic
Proteins | polypeptides | lacteal | lymphatic
Lipids | just glycerol | lacteal | lymphatic
The large intestine has no villi what reaches here is undigested matter such as :
mucus
dead intestinal cells
dead interstitial cells
bacteria
starch
plant fibre
some mineral ions
water
some fatty acids and glycerol
