Factor analysis is:

Select one:
a. performed when a researcher looks at personality items and decides how to group them together
b. a statistical analysis used to determine the basic dimensions that underlie a battery of items
c. the method used to analyze responses to projective tests
d. often used in the social-cognitive approach to personality in order to determine the relative contribution of genes versus environment in personality development

Personality:

Select one:
a. isn’t fully formed until we reach adulthood
b. often changes as we get olde
c. is quite stable but can change as a result of major life events
d. is very stable across the lifespan

According to the _____________, a person's behaviour stems from the motivation to reach his/her full potential:

Select one:
a. social-cognitive perspective
b. trait perspective
c. humanistic perspective
d. psychodynamic perspective

The idea that behaviour, environment, and person variables interact to determine personality is called:

Select one:
a. the diathesis-stress model
b. the three-term contingency
c. locus of control
d. reciprocal determinism

Why is the five-factor model generally preferred over Cattell's trait theory today?

Select one:
a. Cattell's theory was too similar to the psychodynamic approach to personality
b. The traits proposed by the five-factor model both describe and explain psychological differences in personality and behavior
c. Cattell's theory is thought by many trait theorists to be overly complex and to have redundant factors
d. Cattell's theory grossly oversimplifies personality

Based on twin studies, to what extent do genetic differences account for personality variability among people ?

Select one:
a. They contribute about 10 to 25 percent of the variability in most personality traits.
b. They contribute about 40 to 55 percent of the variability in most personality traits.
c. They far outweigh environmental influences on personality traits.
d. The relationship is unknown because research on the questions is not possible.

Jamaal has made three attempts to pass the road test for his driver's license. He now is beginning to think that no matter what he does or how much he practices he will never get his license. Jamaal's view of his present situation would seem to fit Rotter's idea of:

Select one:
a. internal locus of control
b. external locus of control
c. reciprocal determinism
d. self-efficacy

According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, physiological needs is to bottom as ________ is to top.

Select one:
a. Self-actualization
b. Esteem needs
c. Safety needs
d. Attachment needs

Freud and other psychoanalytic therapists used techniques such as dream analysis and free association because they believed that these techniques:

Select one:
a. were not vulnerable to faking
b. provided clients with much needed insight into their problems
c. provided a window into a clients’ unconscious mind
d. allowed the client to experience unconditional positive regard

Which of the following is most accurate:

Select one:
a. Children sharing an environment are more likely to be different than similar
b. Our personalities tend to fluctuate across the lifespan
c. Personality tests are subjective and poorly validated
d. Family environment has a significant influence on our personality

When predicting the emotional outcome of a negative or a positive event (called affective forecasting), people generally

Select one:
a. overestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
b. are quite accurate at predicting the strength and duration of negative events (losing their job) but not positive events
c. underestimate the strength and duration of their emotional reactions
d. are quite accurate at predicting the strength and duration of positive events (winning the lottery) but not negative events

Self-esteem is to _____________as self-concept is to __________________.

Select one:
a. cognition; affect
b. feelings; thought
c. affect; behaviour
d. thoughts ; feelings

The results of Sherif's classic study involving boys at a summer camp suggests that prejudice is increased by _______________ and decreased by _______________.

Select one:
a. competition; togetherness
b. cooperation; collaboration
c. competition; cooperation
d. cooperation; competition

Which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Select one:
a. Implicit measures are less vulnerable to social desirability concerns than explicit measures
b. A person cannot hold different implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object
c. Implicit attitudes do not influence behaviour
d. Implicit and explicit attitudes are always unrelated

Attribution involves people focusing on two different types of causes:

Select one:
a. social and nonsocial
b. biological and environmental
c. internal and external
d. cognitive and behavioural

Which of the following is an example of discrimination?

Select one:
a. You think all people with glasses are geeks
b. I see you in the hallway but you do not see me
c. A professor will not allow students to sit at his table in the student union cafeteria
d. You think to yourself that all jocks are stupid

Mitzi has paid a great deal to a dating service because she believes it will find her perfect match. However, her first date from the services is a disaster. Based on cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following outcomes is most likely?

Select one:
a. Mitzi will decide that the service is a scam and she will report them to the Better Business Bureau.
b. Mitzi will convince herself that the date was not really that bad after all.
c. Mitzi will be so horrified that she will not be able to date again for at least one year.
d. Mitzi will decide that she has thrown her money away, but she will not do anything about it.

Lanessa is in her first year of college. She has only had three different professors, but already she thinks that all professors are mean, spiteful, and arrogant. Her attitude toward professors reflects:

Select one:
a. a stereotype
b. neither a stereotype nor discrimination
c. prejudice
d. both a stereotype and discrimination

According to the elaboration likelihood model, __________ is/are to a central route of persuasion as __________ is/are to a peripheral route of persuasion.

Select one:
a. social benefits; financial benefits
b. critical thinking; the attractiveness of the communicator
c. critical thinking; thoughtful consideration
d. social benefits; considering relevant themes

Which of the following is NOT an effective way in which people manage their self-esteem?

Select one:
a. Associating with others who are successful
b. Seeking private feedback from those around them
c. Engaging in behaviour designed to sabotage their own performance
d. Comparing themselves to others who are worse off