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Pritesh Patel
Mapa Mental por , creado hace más de 1 año

GCSE Biology Mapa Mental sobre OCR 21st Century B3.1, creado por Pritesh Patel el 22/03/2016.

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Pritesh Patel
Creado por Pritesh Patel hace casi 9 años
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OCR 21st Century B3.1Life on Earth-Interdependence of SpeciesA species is a group oforganisms that can breedtogether to produce fertileoffspringadaptation of living organisms totheir environment increases thespecies’ chance of survival bymaking it more likely thatindividuals will survive toreproducee.g. Cactus- Store water inlarge stems. Large rootsystems to get water fromdeep into he soil. Hard spinesinstead of leavesFish- absorb oxygendissolved in water. Oxygendiffuses across the largeSurface Area of the gills .Streamlined body andsmooth surface move withlittle resistance. Swimbladder-buoyancy anddepth change withoutenergy wastageliving organisms aredependent on the environmentand other species for theirsurvivalthere is competition forthese resources betweendifferent species ofanimals or plants in thesame habitatClassification-look at thesimilarities anddifferencebetween twoliving organismsto cateogorisethemLight-needed forplants to make foodFood for animalsand minerals forplantsOxygen- for respirationand CO2 for plantsphotosynthesisWatera change in the environment maycause a species to become extinct, forexample, if:the environmentalconditions changebeyond its abilityto adapta new species that is acompetitor, predator ordisease organism of thatspecies is introducedanother species (animal,plant or microorganism) in itsfood web becomes extinctIf the shrew was to become extinct, the woodmouse would be thesole source of food for the owl. Owl numbers would decrease,caterpillar numbers would increase and woodmouse numbers woulddecrease. If there are more caterpillars, that's less food for thesquirrel and so there may be a decline in squirrel numbers. As thewoodmouse numbers have severely decreased the fox is forced to eatmore squirrels and so their numbers decreasenearly all organisms are ultimatelydependent on energy from the Suncarbon isrecycledthrough theenvironmentto include theprocesses ofcombustion,respiration,photosynthesisanddecompositionThe combustion offossil fuels releasestored carbon intothe atmosphere inthe form of carbondoxidePlants andanimalsrespireproducingcarbondioxidePlants use light to convertCarbon dioxide and waterinto glucose to use forrespiration and to makeproteins, cellulose,enzymes and chlorophyllThe dead organisms are eaten bydecomposers and the carbon intheir bodies is returned to theatmosphere as carbon dioxide.In some conditionsdecomposition isblocked. The plantand animal materialmay then beavailable as fossilfuel in the future forcombustion.In the sea, marine animals may convert some of thecarbon in their diet to calcium carbonate which isused to make their shells. Over time the shells ofdead organisms collect on the seabed and formlimestone. Due to Earth movements this limestonemay eventually become exposed to the air where it'sweathered and the carbon is released back into theatmosphere as carbon dioxide. Volcanic action mayalso release carbon dioxide.The CarbonCycleTheNitrogenCycleUnreactive N2 is fixed by nitrogenfixing bacteria in the soil androots of plants, to form nitrogencompounds including nitrates.conversion of nitrogencompounds to proteinin plants and animalstransfer of nitrogen compounds through foodchains- animals eat plants and receive theirprotein through the nitrates that they've eatenexcretion, death and decay of plants and animals resulting in releaseof nitrates into the soil- urea is decomposed by microorganisms andturned into ammonia. This ammonia can be nitrified by nitrifyingbacteria to produce useful nitrogen compoundsuptake ofnitrates byplantsdenitrification-denitrifyingbacteria turnsnitrates back intonitrogenLightning- nitrogen is fixed as there isenough energy in a bolt of lightning to makenitrogen react with oxygenLiving andNon-living IndicatorsNon-livingnitrate levelstemperaturecarbon dioxide levelsMeasurements takenover long periods oftime could indicateglobal warmingUsed to measure theenvironmental change inthe air/atmosphere. Anincrease in CO2 is anincrease in global warmingUsed to measure changes incleanliness of water.Increase in nitrate levelcaused by sewage orfertilisers= polluted water.LivingpHLichenMayfly larvaePhytoplanktonSensitive tosulfur dioxidelevels in theatmosphereSensitive tooxygen levels inwaterSensitive toNitrate andPhosphatelevels inwaterIf present: cleanIf present: cleanIf present: pollutedCan give a goodidea about thepollution from cars,power stations, etc.If sewage is released,bacterial populationsincrease and use theoxygen so mayflynymphs leaveAdding fertilisers or sewage towater increases the amount ofnitrates and phosphates causingalgal blooms. Phytoplankton likenitrate/phosphate richenvironmentsA consumer e.g. greenfly eats theplants and the energy istransferred. Energy is transferredwhen detritivores feed on deadorganisms and waste materialse.g. excrement and uneaten partsEnergy is lost ateach stage. Inrespiration andother lifeprocesses e.g.movement. Most iseventually lost tothe surroundingsas heatEnergy available at the previous stagex100%It's notsustainable tohave a food chainwhich is morethan 5 stages.There isn't enoughenergy to supportmore organismsEfficiency= Energy available at the next stage/Plants, which are usually the producers usesunlight to build glucose from CO2 and water.Through photosynthesis, they trap 1-3% of thelight energy that reaches their leavesHaz doble clic en este nodo para editar el textoHaz clic en este nodo y arrástralo para crear uno nuevo