Cerrar
What is Energy
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
What are the 3 differences between Kinetic and Potential Energy
What are the principles of Conservation of Energy
In every energy conversion what does some energy get converted into
Describe the general ways in which breakdown of gasoline in an automobile’s engine is similar to the process of cellular respiration
What does ATP consist of
Why is ATP essential to living organisms
What type of things can ATP be used for
What happens when ATP is broken down into ADP
How can ADP be converted back into ATP?
Metabolism
Hows do Metabolism work
Enzyme
Explain how enzymes are important in regulating metabolism
What type of organic molecules are enzymes
What effect does an enzyme have on the rate of a chemical reactions in a cell?
How do enzymes accomplish chemical reactions with less energy
Does a particular enzyme affect many different types of chemical reactions, or just one type
Explain the relationship between an enzyme’s active site and the substrate it works on
Is the enzyme used up in the chemical reaction it is involved in, or can it be reused
What sorts of things can inactivate an enzyme
Diffusion involves a net movement of molecules from where to where
Diffusion
Why does diffusion occur
Explain how facilitated diffusion is different from simple diffusion across a membrane
Does Reg. Diffusion or Facilitaited diffusion either of these processes require an input of ATP energy from a cell
Osmosis
which way water will move across a membrane by osmosis
predict which way water will move across a membrane by osmosis when a cell is placed into a solution of pure water (a hypotonic solution).
Osmoregulation
Which way will water move across the membrane if a cell is placed into a concentrated (hypertonic) solution of salt or sugar water?
Why is it harmful for an animal cell to be surrounded by pure water, but beneficial for a plant cell?
Active transport
What type of protein does Active Transport need
What two things are required for Active Transport that are not required for simple diffusion
Exocytosis
Endocytosis
Cellular respiration
The process of photosythesis
Where does cellular respiration occur
What is the equation for cellular respiration.
What is the eqaution for cellular respiration
Where does photsynthesis occur
What processes does the chloroplasts do
What processes does the mitochondria do
Autotrophs
Heterotrophs
What types of cells carry out aerobic cellular respiration (animal cells, plant cells or both)?
Are cellular respiration and breathing the same thing?
When a molecule of glucose is broken down by cellular respiration, what role do the high energy electrons in the glucose play?
metabolic pathway
list the three main stages of cellular respiration in order
Each chemical reaction or step in a metabolic pathway requires what in order for it ot occur
glycolysis
citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)
Electron Transport.
When NAD+ accepts high energy electrons, it forms a high energy substance called___.
Explain glycolysis process
What role does the NADH you named play in cellular respiration
The first stage of cellular respiration is called _________.
Where does glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell
What is the net gain of ATP molecules in Glycolysis
What chemical is the end product of glycolysis
What happens to pyruvic acid before it enters the Citric Acid Cycle
What type of cells can carry out this cellular respiration plant, animal bacterial, or all three
This process ( before citrus acid cycle) starts with ___________and results in the production of a two carbon compound called _____________.
The third carbon (before citric acid cycle) is released in the form of ________.
(Befor citric acid cycle)More high energy electrons and Hydrogen are transferred to ________ to form a high energy substance called ___________.
WHat role does coenzyme a play in the process before the citic acid cycle
The carbons that enter the citric acid cycle in the form of acetate (or acetyl co A) are eventually released as ________
(Citric Acid Cycle) A small amount of _______ is produced which provides readily usable energy to the cell, but most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is captured by electron carriers called ____________
What does FADH2 and NAdh from the citric acid cycle do to the Electron transport system
Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur
What other types of molecule must be present in order for it to occur? (Citric Acid Cycle)
What are the inputs of Citric Acid cycle
Describe where the electron carriers of the Electron Transport Chain are located
What role does NADH play in the ETS
and in which stages of cellular respiration was NADH produced
What is the end product of the ets
How are Hydrogen ions (H+) important to the functioning of the ETS?
What does ATP synthase do
(ETS) What chemical is the final electron acceptor, and what final product is produced
How much ATP can be produced from a molecule of glucose by cellular respiration
Comparre Cellular Respiration to the amount of ATP produced by fermentation
Fermentation
In which stage of stage respiration is most of the ATP produced
Explain where each of the chemicals shown below enters into or is produced by the process of cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Explain in general terms how other high energy food molecules besides glucose (such as polysaccharides, fats and proteins) can be broken down to produce ATP energy.
Describe the process of fermentation in muscle cells.
Which part of cellular respiration does it involve (Fermentatoion)
Why do muscle cells sometimes carry out fermentation
What are the end products of fermentation
Describe the same things for anaerobic fementation carried out by yeast cells and other microorganisms
Explain what energy is
describe several different types of energy.
What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis
Explain several ways that humans use the products of photosynthesis.
thylakoid membranes
chlorophyll.
write the overall chemical equation for photosynthesis.
Describe what photosynthesis accomplishes with respect to converting energy from one form to another
For the Light Reactions: where does this process occur
For the Calvin Cycle: where does this process occur
What “input” is required in order for the light reactions to occur
What products are formed in the light reactions
How is the O2 produced in a light reaction
Describe the characteristics of visible light
difference between different colors of light.
pigment
what wavelengths (colors) of light are absorbed and which are reflected by a pigment that appears green, or one that appears black, or white
Which wavelengths of visible light are absorbed and used for photosynthesis?
Which pigment molecule in the water-splitting photosystem is involved directly in the light reactions
What happens when chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light
What role do electrons play in the chlorophyll
How does it replace these electrons in hte chlorophyll
How does the electron transport system within the thylakoid membrane create ATP? (It involves H+ ions, and ATP synthase
How does this compare to the electron transport system for cellular respiration
What things are produced in the light reactions that are necessary to fuel the Calvin Cycle?
For the Calvin Cycle (CO2 Fixation): where does this process occur
What “input” is required in order for the Calvin cycle to occur
What happens to the carbon that enters the Calvin Cycle as CO2
Explain how destruction of large areas of forest contributes to global warming (the greenhouse effect).
What type of organisms first developed photosynthesis
How did the development of photosynthesis significantly change the atmosphere on earth
How and where is O2 gas produced by photosynthesis
stomata
vascular tissue
cuticle
Two types of vascular tissue exist in plants
Flowering plants (angiosperms) are characterized by having pollen, flowers, seeds, and fruits. Explain how each of these structures is an adaptation for reproducing in a terrestrial (land) environment.
How do fungi obtain energy and nutrients
What important functions do fungi perform for us, and for an ecosystem?
symbiosis
mycorrhizae
how does each type of organism involved in this symbiosis benefit from the interaction mycorrhiza
At what point in the cell cycle of mitosis do chromosomes replicate
After replication, each chromosome is made up of two ___________________ held together at a point called the _________________
chromosome
chromatin
At what point in the cell cycle do chromosomes replicate
At which point in the cell cycle does chromatin condense and become visible as chromosomes
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
function of the spindle in mitosis and meiosis
cytokinesis
During which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis occur
Describe the main difference between cytokinesis in plant cells and cytokinesis in animal cells.
Compare how the number of chromosomes in the “parent” cell compares with the number of chromosomes in the two “daughter” cells that are formed.
Describe the key characteristics of cancer cells, in terms of genetic changes and regulation of mitosis
metastasis
What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant one?
Sexual reproduction always involves two processes
a special type of cell division called _______ which reduces the number of chromosomes in the cell by half,
a process called __________ which results in formation of a new cell with two sets of chromosomes
Explain why sexual reproduction always requires both meiosis and fertilization
Meiosis in humans results in the formation of ________________.
Explain the difference between haploid and diploid cells
Which cells in the human life cycle are haploid
How many chromosomes does a diploid human body cell contain?
How many chromosomes does a haploid human body cell contain?
What is a karyotype
autosomes
What determines whether a person is male or female
In what ways are homologous chromosomes similar to each other
Are the homologous chromosomes both from one parent
What are gametes, and are they haploid or diploid
What is a zygote, and is a zygote haploid or diploid
What happens in Interphase before meiosis
What does meiosis I accomplish
What does meiosis II accomplish
homologous chromosomes ever pair up in mitosis? In meiosis?
What is being pulled apart from each other in Anaphase I of meiosis
what things are being pulled apart from each other in Anaphase II of meiosis?
Which Anaphase of meiosis is most similar to what happens in Anaphase of mitosis? Explain
What happens during Crossing Over,
what point in meiosis does crossing over occur?
What does “independent assortment” of chromosomes mean
Explain how Independent Assortment, Crossing Over, and Random Fertilization each contribute to genetic variation in offspring
Explain how nondisjunction during meiosis can result in chromosomal problems such as Down Syndrome
What happens when there is disjunction
What is the main risk factor (thing that increases risk) for Down Syndrome?
What does a karyotype show?
Meiosis begins with cells that are _______ (haploid or diploid) and produces cells that are _____(haploid or diploid) .
