What does the ABC 3-term contingency represent in relation to POSITIVE psychology?
Antecedent, Behaviour, Consequence
Adversity, Belief, Consequent mood
Aversive, Behaviour, Conditioning
Addicition, Belief, Consequence
What does the ABC 3-term contingency represent in relation to BEHAVIOURAL psychology?
Antecedent, Belief, Consequence
Antecedent, Bahaviour, Consequence
Adversity, Behaviour, Consequent mood
People who consume more chocolate tend to be happier than those who do not. This correlation is
Positve
Negative
Zero
We do not have enough information
What does CBT stand for?
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
Cognitive Behaviour Treatment
Classical Behavioural Therapy
Conditioning Behaviour Therapies
Which answer does NOT promote savouring?
Sharing experiences
Memory building
Self-congratulating
Sharpening perceptions
Absorption
Mindfulness
I get to watch my new favourite series (Daredevil) after i do an hour in the gym. This is an example of the Premack Principle.
True
False
Do not have enough information
I love Burger King and save it for special occasions like after completing an assignment. The Burger King is contingent upon completing an assignment.
"That's such good news that you got that grade, let's have dinner out tonight!" This is an example of
Passive-Constructive
Passive-Destructive
Active-Destructive
Active constructive
"Well done for that paintball score, what do you want to do tomorrow?" Is an example of
Active_Constructive
Self-control is...
The opposite of impulsiveness and demonstrated by adult humans in the lab
Is when individuals seek the immediate reinforcement of something. Displayed in animals in the lab
Seeking reinforcement in a stressful situation
Who knows?
Bob wants to know if watching Marvel movies makes you less aggressive than watching DC movies. He starts off by recording the number of aggressive instances occurring after watching a DC movie only this is an instance of
Baseline
Intervention
Marvel and DC what are they?
Control
Phil has decided to give himself tokens after each time he goes to the gym. The tokens can be traded for many backup reinforcers, such as going to watch the latest Marvel movie in the cinemas (worth 50 tokens), going to the local comic book store and getting a comic (worth 25 points) and watching an episode of Jessica Jones (worth 10 tokens). The tokens are
Generalised conditioned reinforcers
Positive Reinforcers
Mediators
Negative Punishers
If you want to extinguish an unwanted behaviour, you should:
Remove motivating operations
Reinforce an alternative behaviour
Punish the unwanted behaviour
Increase response effort
When trying to increase a new behaviour, you should reinforce yourself:
Contingently
Continuously
Immediately
All of the answers
Ezra Briger drinks Brawndo on Thursday morning following a night out with his fellow rebels. The Brawndo prevents a headache. Brawndo is a/an
Negative reinforcer
Negative punisher
Positive reinforcer
Positive punisher
A target behaviour that is occuring too little that you would like to increase is called a
Behaviour deficit
Behaviour excess
Self-management
Undesirable behaviour
The presence of an establishing operation makes the consequence of a behaviour _________ and the presence of an abolishing operation makes the consequence of the behaviour_____________
More reinforcing, Less reinforcing
Less reinforcing, More reinforcing
Punishing, Reinforcing
Less likely, More likely
Hera wants to increase the amount of exercise she gets. She buys a treadmill so that she will not have to travel to the gym. Having the treadmill so that she exercises more often is an example of
Increasing response effort
Decreasing response effort
Less cost effective
Positive reinforcement
Which of the following is not manipulated in antecedent control procedures?
Reinforcers
Response effort
Punishers
Immediacy
If a road safety advert does not change the number of road traffic incidents the advert would be considered a/an ______ stimulus
Neutral
Positive
Aversive
Condoms are a/an __________________ for safe-sex and having them therefore may be a/an___________________ for sex.
Discriminative stimulus, Establishing Operation
Positive reinforcer, Aboloshing Operation
Negative Reinforcer, Establishing Operation
Establishing operation, Aboloshing Operation
What antecedent manipulations could one make to decrease behaviour?
Remove the discriminitve stimulus
Add aboloshing operations
Which procedures will NOT increase self-efficacy?
Focus on the process of change
Distinguish past and present
Keep track of improvements
Don't let emotions get in the way
Start with the hardest
Which is NOT one of the 3 elements of happiness?
Frequent positive emotion
Satisfied with own life
Infrequent negative emotions
Frequent self-efficacy beliefs
Money is an unconditioned reinforcer
What was the initial unconditioned response in Pavlov's dog study?
Salivating
Bell
Food
Barking
What was the initial neutral stimulus in Pavlov's study, that later became a conditioned stimulus?
Eating
Which statement regarding self-efficacy is most correct?
Those that believe they can do something are more likely to be able to
Those that believe they can do things tend to be less determined
Individuals will likely become less motivated
The discriminitive stimulus is a stimulus that is present during a reinforced behaviour
From a behavioural perspective, our personality is
Due to past experiences
A set of learned behaviours in a situation
A set of behaviours developed from social interaction
Conditioned behaviours
You pretend you have a lot of work to do so you don't have to go to the gym with your best friend. Going to the gym is a stimulus that is __________ by pretending you have work to do. This is an example of _______________ reinforcement.
Removed, Negative
Added, Positive
Controlled, Positive
Impulsive, Negative
Sabine does parkour to keep healthy. In March she injured herself doing a front flip over a wall. Due to the injury she now goes to the gym instead of parkour. The injury
Punished Parkour
Reinforced Parkour
Increased response effort
Really sucked and she is quite annoyed
Your recent ex PM'd you ninety times, called you four times in one week, and posted seven photos of the two of you on Snapchat, Instagram, Facebook and Tumblr. You keep ignoring your ex. Your ex's behaviour is an example of:
Them being completely obsessional with you and your dog and is probably the reason why you broke up because they're clingy AF, and no one want's a clingy relationship where you can't even go to the toilet without them being there.
An extinction burst
Positive punishment
Discriminitive stimulus
Zeb is a very untidy flatmate. His flatmates get angry at him when he doesn't tidy up. They have tried yelling at him but it doesn't work. The flatmates yelling is
A neutral stimuli
Negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
Differential reinforcement is the ____________ of one behaviour and the ___________ of another behaviour in a situation.
Punishment, Motivating operation
Reinforcement, Extinction
Shaping, Chaining
Discriminitive stimulus, Aboloshing operation
Colossus praised Deadpool for not killing individuals and ignored him when he did. What procedure is this?
Shaping
Differential reinforcement
Chaining
Punishment
At first, Luke Skywalker lifted small objects using the force. Master Yoda only praised Luke when the size of the object increased. Using the same approach Yoda was able to get Luke to lift up considerable weights. Yoda used?
Reinforcement
It took Luke a long time to learn how to pilot an X-wing. First he had to press a button, second he had to flip a switch. Third he had to pull the lever. This is an example of
A stimulus-response chain
A behavioural contract states the __________ that will be administered contingent on the occurrence of the behaviour.
Consequence
Response
What is the first thing that should be done before implementing shaping?
Define the target behaviour
Determine whether shaping is the most appropriate procedure
Identify the starting bahaviour
Choose the shaping steps
What does DRI stand for?
Differential reinforcement of the incompatible behaviour
Differential reinforcement of other behaviour
Differential reinforcement of the incomplete behaviour
Differential reinforcement of low rate behaviour
What does ACT stand for?
Adrenocorticotropic
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Avoidance and Commitment Therapy
Attempt and Commitment Therapy
What is ACT?
A form of clinical behavioural analysis used in psychotherpy
A form of therapy which asks you to look back at the past
Any attempt made to avoid feelings, thoughts, memories and physical sensations that are uncomfortable for us e.g. anxiety
Arrangements of the external enviroment
Psychological wellbeing is not the absence of sadness it is also
Meaning and purpose
Values
Life balance and flexibility
Needs for belonging
What is Experiental Avoidance (EA)?
Any attempt made to avoid feelings, thoughts, memories and physical sensations that are uncomfortable to us e.g. anxiety
A form of clinical behavioural analysis used in psychotherapy
The idea that humans are complex beings, capable of verbal language
Stops us from taking behavioural action
What is the theory behind ACT?
Humans are complex beings who are capable of verbal language. Language is not only our greatest power it is also our greatest weakness
There is a physical switch in our brains known as the struggle switch
The ANS reacts as if we have a t-rex chasing us
Positive psychology can fill the context vacuum
ACT interventions help us develop an awareness of a higher sense of self known as ____________
Self-as-context
Others-as-context
Self-as-content
Higher-sense-self
What is Thorndike's law of effect?
Reinforced behaviours will occur again
Use a behaviour that occurs often to reinforce a behaviour that does not
Each step acts as a SD for the next step
Consequence happens because of a particular behaviour
Which method would NOT increase a behaviour?
Provide SD
Enhance EO
Decrease response effort
Which of the following is NOT a facet of psychological flexibility?
Cognitive defusion
Committed actions
Acceptance
Attachment to Conceptualised self
We can remember the goal of therapy by using ACT, the acronym, in this way:
A: accept your thoughts and feelings C: choose a valued direction T: take action
A: avoid your thoughts and feelings C: choose a direction T: take action
A: attend your thoughts and feelings C: choose a valued direction T: take action
A: acquire new thoughts and feelings C: choose a valued direction T: take action
Humans use language in two domains:
Personal, Public
Private, Public
Pedantic, Publicly
Personalised, Public
In which wave of behavioural psychology would Skinner be considered?
1st - Basic laboratory studies
2nd - Using what they've learnt to make lives better
3rd - The use of developed therapies e.g. CBT, ACT
Happiness is not a simple concept, it is more than just pleasure such as alcohol and sex. Aristotle proposed that happiness is constructed of _________ and ____________ . Seligman proposed that ___________ related to feelings of commitment and participation in life.
Hedonia (pleasure), Eudaimania (a life well lived), Engagement
Subjective wellbeing, Flourishing, Homeostasis
Homeostasis, subjective wellbeing, flourishing
Hedonia, Engangement, Eudaimania
What is the function of the default mode network?
Learning and motivation
Maintain homeostasis
Cause depression
Tell the pituitary gland to release chemicals
Most neurons only emit one kind of neurotransmitter
What is operant conditioning?
Works with the consequences of behaviour
When a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimuli to produce a conditioned response
When a neutral stimulus is combined with an unconditioned stimulus multiple times
The idea that our reading behaviour is under stimulus control of the letters
What is NOT part of habit reversal procedures?
Awareness training
Competing response training
Social support
Motivating procedures
Which is NOT a neurotransmitter?
Endocannabinoids - the 'bliss' molecule
Dopamine - the 'reward' molecule
Endorphin - the 'pain-killing' molecule
Serotonin - the 'confidence' molecule
Epinephrine - the 'energy' molecule
What is contingency?
Relationship between response and consequence. An individual will only receive the reinforcement if the behaviour is performed
Specifies the task, task record and reinforcement
The idea that a behaviour performed more often can reinforce a behaviour performing less often
The idea that the consequence must be strong
Which will NOT decrease behaviour?
Eliminate SD
Arrange an AO
What are the two brain networks involved in happiness?
Reward system and Default Mode Network
Auditory and Visual
Reward System and Endocrine System
Positive Punishment and Behavioural Contrast
Luke works in an office whereby his boss is always very critical when Luke presents an idea. He now rarely speaks at work. When he gets home, he often speaks angrily to his friend Ben who is not critical to him. Which of the following explains his behaviour at work and at home?
Work: Positive Punishment Home: Behavioural Contrast
Work: Negative Punishment Home: Positive Reinforcement
Work: Negative Reinforcement Home: Behavioural Contract
Work: Negative Punishment Home: Escape
Hormones are a type of neurotransmitter?
GABA ________ the firing of neurons. Ecstasy leads to a build up of __________ .
Reduces, Serotonin
Increases, Dopamine
Reduces, Epinephrine
Increases, GABA
Leia checks her son's room everyday after work to make sure that her son had made the bed and cleared the floor of clothes. She gives her son a point for each day the two tasks have been completed properly and her son can trade points for special activities. What kind of recording did Leia choose to measure her son's behaviour? What are the points?
Outcome recording, Generalised Conditioned Reinforcers
Interval recording, points
Time-sample, tokens
Event, Generalised Conditioned Reinforcers
What is NOT a feature of Angelman's syndrome?
Smiling
Developmental delay
Consistent sad moods
Tongue thrusting
Individuals with Angelman's syndrome tend to have ___________ rates in smiling with good social interactions, than those without.
Higher
Lower
The same
When it comes to children and tolerance of medical procedures, parents play a key role in helping the child to cope. However, some parents can hinder their child's tolerance by acting in an inappropriate manner what is NOT an inappropriate behaviour?
Overprotective - dealt with by the therapist educating the parents on what might happen
Unhelpful Anger - dealt with by being taught skills to alleviate stress
Intellectualising - dealt with by offering differential reinforcement for appropriate beahaviour
Being supportive - helps the child to deal with the stressful situation in which they are in
Many children are receiving medical treatment for conditions. Medical institutes have devised intervention methods, which is NOT a useful medical intervention for helping children tolerate such procedures?
Child-friendly environments
Graduated exposure
Getting it over and done with quickly
Distraction
When losing weight is my goal, I should focus on my weight by the scale recording everyday.
A stabbing happened in the subway when I was visiting New York. Now I feel scared every time I am using an underground metro, like the tube. My fear in the tube is a...
Conditioned emotional response
Unconditioned emotional response
Dave starts to record both his positive and negative thoughts as part of his behaviour change plan. He writes down the negative and positive thoughts, as well as recording the antecedents and consequences. Dave now has fewer negative thoughts. This is called:
Reactivity
Contingency contract
Psychological Flexibility
Thorndike's law of effect
When behaviour modification procedures are used by an individual to change his or her own behaviour, the process is called?
Self-efficacy
Self-reinforcement
Self-blaming
The most powerful of all positive psychology techniques is:
Three good things method
Random acts of kindness
Gratitude visit
Important other people who help dispense contingent consequences are called:
Obsevers
Experimenters
Friends
Which is NOT an antecedent manipulation?
Discriminitive stimuli
Motivating operations (AO's and EO's)
Response Effort
Combining a NS with a US
Which is NOT a chaining method?
Forward
Backward
Total-task
Interval
Optimists have this perspective after experiencing a NEGATIVE life event:
External: Out of my control, not my fault Transient : A one-off, won’t happen again Specific: A particular factor was to blame
Internal: I did it! Stable: I always do badly at this Global: I am poor at this in general
Individuals are more likely to develop into optimistic individuals if
Parents who encourage optimism and attribute success to internal, stable and global factors in their children
Life events per se do not predict pessimism – those that overcome challenge (persistence, hope, control) show increased optimism.
Success in overcoming life events (behaviour modification)
Happiness makes us
Open-minded and creative
Tired
Optimistic about the future
More likely to engage
