Gene

Homozygous

Heterozygous

Genotype

Phenotype

Dominant allele

Recessive Allele

Monohybrid Crosses

Dihybrid Cross

Autosomes

P Generation

F1 Generation

F2 Generation

Sex chromosomes

Sex-linked gene

Sex-linked traits

Complete dominance

incomplete dominance

Codominance

Pleiotropy

Polygenic traits

Linked genes

When do you see a recessive trait expressed in the phenotype of an individual?

Dihybrid crosses

Sex-linked recessive traits

Explain what a test cross

How to interpret the results of a test cross

Describe why most human genetic diseases are recessive and rare

If a disease is recessive, how is an individual affected

Why don't dominant diseases or traits do not skip a generation

Give some examples of polygenic traits, and traits that are influenced by both genes and environmental factors in humans.

Explain what determines the sex of a child

Be able to explain why sex-linked traits are observed more often in males than in females

Explain what Mendel’s Law (Principle) of Independent Assortment states

Under what circumstances will the alleles of two different genes NOT show Independent Assortment, and why not?

Explain the main advantage of sexual reproduction, as opposed to asexual reproduction

Symbiosis

mutualism

Flowering plants and their animal pollinators are an example of a type of symbiosis called mutualism

how each species benefits from the relationship of mutualism (Plants and Animals)

Explain the function of flowers

Where does meiosis occur, and what is the end result of meiosis (pLants)

Describe the characteristics of wind-pollinated plants, in terms of their pollen and flowers

Describe the general characteristics of animal-pollinated plants.

Coevolution

Be able to describe the symbiosis between flowering plants and their pollinator

and how they have undergone coevolution and have changed because of their relationship with each other. (Plants and animals)

Where does fertilization occur in a flower

Describe the three main parts of a seed.

What is the main function of a fruit?

Describe which parts of the human life cycle are diploid, and which are haploid

Where does meiosis occur in males

Where does meiosis occur in females

What is the end-product of meiosis in males

What is the end-product of meiosis in females

In what four ways are sperm cells specialized for the function of reaching and fertilizing an egg?

Describe the relationship between nucleotides and nucleic acids

and the three main parts of a nucleotide

Explain the important differences between DNA and RNA in terms of their chemical structure.

Describe the arrangement of nucleotides in a molecule of DNA

What makes up the long sides of the molecule

.? What forms the “rungs” of the ladder?

Describe the pattern of how nucleotide bases pair up

the role of hydrogen bonds in the DNA molecule

. What part of the molecule determines a person's genetic code?

Describe the process of DNA replication

What role does the enzyme DNA polymerase play in DNA replication

How does each existing strand determine the sequence of bases in the new strands that are formed

Explain why after DNA replication, each new molecule of DNA is half old and half new.

Explain the relationship between DNA, chromosomes and genes

Explain the relationship between amino acids and proteins

Give some examples of how proteins serve very important functions in the body, including the function of enzymes.

Describe the process of transcription and the process of translation

where in the cell does transcritpiton happen

where in the cell does translation happen

Describe the role of mRNA, tRNA, and the ribosome in translation

Describe the role of RNA polymerase in transcription

Describe where a codon is found

tRNA

what a codon “codes” for

Where are anti-codons found

Explain what is meant by the statement that “the genetic code is universal

Describe what a mutation is

explain how substitution mutations or insertion/deletion mutations in a gene can affect the protein that is coded for by the gene

nucleotide substitutions

nucleotide deletions or insertion

Which type of mutations are likely to have the biggest effect on the protein coded for by the gene, and why

Describe the source of NEW alleles in a species.

What is a mutagen

Describe the structure of a typical virus

. Are viruses made of cells

Why are viruses generally not considered to be living things

What must a virus do in order to replicate itself

Be able to explain the events that occur with viral infection of a cell and replication

What is the difference between a DNA virus and an RNA virus

What is a retrovirus

Is HIV a DNA virus or an RNA virus

What type of cell does this virus (HIV) infect

pro virus

How is it that new viruses such as HIV or the H1N1 flu virus suddenly appear in the human population?