Cerrar
State 4 cell fate options covered thus far and to be covered
define 'proliferation'
define 'apoptosis'
what processes is apoptosis essential to?
define 'necrosis'
how was apoptosis discovered?
Describe a property of cells that are described as 'undergoing physiological regression'.
state the changes in cell appearance of apoptotic cells in tissue (ie changes seen)
state another name for tissue macrophages
give a role for apoptosis in adults
describe a specific role of apoptosis in development
how are the changes in cell appearance during apoptosis best viewed?
State the first 3 key steps in apoptosis
state the roles of caspases in apoptosis INSIDE the cell.
how do caspases effect the cell membrane structure
what is the mechanism through which phosphatidyl serine is able to appear on the extracellular surface.
Describe how the process of 'blebbing' occurs.
why does blebbing not occur during necrosis?
why is the detection of apoptotic cells difficult?
describe 2 methods used to visualise apoptotic cells despite these difficulties.
describe 3 more methods
describe the method used to create a nucleosomal ladder, and when this technique is used.
what does the ladder of 120bp multiples represent?
why was C.elegans specifically a useful contribution to understanding apoptosis.
describe the discoveries made through research on apoptosis in C elegans (nematode worm)
state the 3 groups into which apoptotic genes can be classified into
Describe pro apoptotic genes
Describe Anti apoptotic genes.
describe executioner genes
Give a simplified model of the apoptotic pathway in C elegans.
Draw a diagram representing this
state how these steps are achieved.
give an example of protein protein interactions in the C elegans pathway
Give an example of the proteolytic activation of proenzymes in the C elegans apoptotic pathway
Describe the very basic differences in principles of apoptotic pathways in C elegans and mammals.
give a diagram displaying the key apoptotic processes in mammals
Name and describe the origins and action of the key regulator of apoptosis in mammals
where is this protein found?
describe the pro- apoptotic proteins in mammals
What process occurs once Bcl2 is inhibited?
describe the next sequence of events in apoptosis
describe how the functions of both proteins have been demonstrated in transgenic mice
Describe the inhibition of bcl2
where is caspase 9 found in the genome?
State the 2 overall routes which can trigger apoptosis.
describe, generally, the mechanism used to trigger apoptosis in the intrinsic pathway.
State the various signals that trigger intrinsic apoptosis.
describe how intrinsic apoptosis can be signalled from genome quality control
Describe how a loss of attachment to the underlying basement membrane can induce intrinsic apoptosis
give an example of how lack of trophic factors effects apoptosis in an organism
how do trophic factors function?
What occurs in the absence of trophic factors?
Give a general pathway for extrinsic signalling of apoptosis.
More in detail- how is extrinsic signalling initiated?
Give examples of receptors and ligands
how are these ligand signalling molecules produced?
what happens once the ligand has bound to the receptors?
state these 2 routes by which the complex activates apoptosis
give an example of apoptosis and autoimmune diseases
