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(Finsihed) developental saved Test sobre Object Permanence, creado por murat sertay el 15/08/2016.

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Object Permanence

Object Permanence

Pregunta 1 de 68

1

Which approach did Piaget (1936, 1953) subscribe to?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Constructivism

  • Behaviourism

  • Evolutionary

  • Biological

  • Sociological

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 68

1

When, according to Piaget (1936, 1953), do the first signs of object permanence appear in infants?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 68

1

According to Piaget's substages, when will an infant lift the cloth to search for a hidden toy?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Before 6 - 7 months

  • 6 - 7 months

  • 8 - 9 months

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 68

1

For Piaget, infants tend to consistently make the A-not-B error because they do not have a full understanding of object permanence yet. Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 68

1

Identify one key criticism that can explain why infants consistently make the A-not-B error.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Ancillary deficits (e.g. attention, motor cortices, cognition)

  • Not yet developed full intelligence

  • Lack of self-confidence

  • Lack of resources

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 68

1

Invisible displacement is when objects are removed from the view of infants when they are not paying attention. This is often used to test their competency in object permanence and does not fully develop until substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old). Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 68

1

According to Piaget's substages, infants obtain full understanding of object permanence when infants can:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Understand invisible displacement

  • Can complete accurate A-B searching

  • Can represent stationary objects

  • At 12 months old

  • Understand both invisible displacement and mental representations

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 68

1

According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), object permanence research that uses occlusion only works when:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The object moves

  • The object remains still

  • The entire object is separated and moves in different directions

  • The entire object moves as one

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 68

1

The findings from Kellman and Spelke's (1983) experiment did little to challenge Piaget's substages. True or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 68

1

The Kellman and Spelke (1983) experiment challenge which theory?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Constructivism

  • Nativism

  • Behaviourism

  • All of them

  • None of them

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 68

1

Baillargeon (1985, 1987) found that object permanence exists in before infants are 6 months old. True or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 68

1

In Baillargeon's (1985, 1987) research, where was the focus of the infants predicated on?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The possible or control event (112 degrees)

  • The impossible event (180 degrees)

  • Neither, it was something else

  • She didn't talk about it

  • None of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 68

1

Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling (2000) countered Aguiar and Baillargeon's (1999) findings, by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Questioning whether infants had object permanence, it was something else (e.g. novelty)

  • Questioning the ethics of the experiment

  • Questioning the ERPs of the infants when observing both the habituation and test phases

  • All of the above

  • They didn't actually question the research

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 68

1

Ruffman, Redman, and Slade (2005) investigated the anticipatory looking action done by infants when observing object permanence.

It counterargued Bogartz, Shinsky and Shilling's (2000) understanding of previous research into object permanence at less than 6 months old.

They argued that:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Infants must anticipate what will happen next based on their (limited) understanding, so it cannot be novelty

  • Infants have the motor cognitions pre-birth to understand the basics of object permanence

  • Infants are a lot more understanding of concepts at a younger age than a lot of research tends to argue

  • They didn't argue

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 68

1

Ahmed and Ruffman (1998) investigated why infants make A-not-B errors in search tasks, but show memory for hidden object locations in non-search tasks. According to the findings, where were the infants' attention placed the most?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • On the impossible (area A) location for the object

  • On the possible (area B) location for the object

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 68

1

What could be drawn from Ahmed and Ruffman's (1998) findings on the A-not-B search/non-search experiment?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Infants show some memory understanding of previous object locations

  • Infants still do not show memory understanding of previous object locations

  • Infants cannot infer where an object has previously been

  • The results were inconclusive

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 68

1

Some believe that infants do have an understanding of object permanence, however, other variables are too overpowering - such as ancillary deficits (e.g. memory, inhibition, means-end reasoning) - for it to be effective.

True or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 68

1

Some believe that infants don't have understanding of object permanence, only partial. Looking and reaching activate two separate understandings of knowledge (explicit and implicit). Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 68

1

According to Munakta (1998), the concept of object permanence and graded representation comes in stages and becomes stronger as infants grow older. Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 68

1

There is evidence to suggest that object permanence is innate. Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 68

1

There is evidence to suggest that Piaget's theories on object permanence start earlier than he thought. Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 68

1

According to the theoretical position that infants do not fully grasp object permanence, looking is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • An implicit area of knowledge

  • An explicit area of knowledge

  • Neither

  • Both

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 68

1

For infants, what is mental representation?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When they can arrive at solutions to problems rather than through trial-and-error

  • When they can mentally represent the issues in front of them or away from the stimulus

  • When they can mentally represent their models (e.g. parents) away from the stimuli

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 68

1

For infants, what is deferred imitation?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When they expect others to imitate their actions

  • When they can remember and repeat the behaviours of others when not present

  • When they attempt to use their own behaviour and represent them in toys that they have

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 68

1

Deferred imitation is shown to be present in babies:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Less than 2 months old

  • At 4 months old

  • At 6 months old

  • At 8 months old

  • At 12 months old

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 68

1

For infants, analogical problem solving is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When they apply a solution for one problem to a number of others

  • When they apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

  • When they cannot apply a solution for one problem to a number of others

  • When they cannot apply a solution for a number of problems to one in particular

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 68

1

For infants, displaced reference is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Using words to cue images of objects not present

  • Using actions to cue images of objects that are not present

  • Using the environment to cue images of objects that are not present

  • All of the above

  • None of the above

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 68

1

For infants, goal-oriented or intentional behaviour appears at:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years)

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 68

1

When Piaget hid a toy behind a transparent cover, the infant (between 8 - 12 months old) pushed away his hand to reveal it again. This showed that infants at Substage 4 have understood:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Object permanence

  • Means-end action sequences

  • Invisible displacement

  • Deferred imitation

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 68

1

It can be argued that violation-of-expectation fully examples that infants consciously understand object displacement and permanence, both with looking and reaching. Is this true or false?

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to examine their own reflexes?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to use simple motor habits that are centered around the infant's own body?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now start to aim at repeating interesting effects of their actions in the surrounding world (eg, familiar behaviours)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now learn intentional - or goal-directed - behaviour, as well as obtain initial understandings of object permanence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies begin to explore the properties of objects by acting in novel ways, imitate novel behaviours, and are able to search in several locations for a hidden object (accurate A-B searching)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1- 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 68

1

At what sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do newborn babies now have internal depictions of objects and events (eg, mental representations) when problem-solving, fully understand invisible displacement, deferred imitation, and make-believe play?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 68

1

A circular reaction is that - circular - because:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Infants attempt to repeat it again and again

  • Infants attempt to replicate it in front of others

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 68

1

According to Kaye and Marcus (1981), are infants able to adapt flexibly and quickly enough to imitate novel behaviours?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Yes

  • No

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 68

1

For infants, object permanence is the understanding that:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Objects continue to exist when out of their sight

  • Objects continue to exist throughout the rest of their lives

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 68

1

At which sensorimotor substage (Piaget, 1936, 1953) do infants begin to better anticipate future events (eg, seeing their mother putting on their coat and begging them not to leave)?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Substage 1 (birth - 1 month old)

  • Substage 2 (1 - 4 months old)

  • Substage 3 (4 - 8 months old)

  • Substage 4 (8 - 12 months old)

  • Substage 5 (12 - 18 months old)

  • Substage 6 (18 months - 2 years old)

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 68

1

What is make-believe play?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • When children act out everyday and imaginary scenarios

  • When children deliberately involve their parents into authentic situations

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 68

1

For a purely perceptual organism that has no cognition, an object would:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Cease to exist

  • Remain

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 68

1

Understanding of an object's continued existence requires what?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Time and space

  • Only time

  • Only space

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 68

1

According to Piaget and constructivism, errors in A-B searching show:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Deficits in knowledge

  • Functional impairment

  • Genetic deficiencies

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 68

1

For Piaget, babies make errors in object permanence because of knowledge deficits. What does it use?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Gradual construction

  • Innate programming

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 68

1

For some others, babies may have full understanding, however, things get in the way. For example, Diamond (1985) suggested it to be memory-based. Butterworth (1975) found that:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Babies still make errors with transparent containers

  • Babies can still identify transparent containers as well

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 68

1

Diamond (1985) suggested that understanding comes from inhibition or habit. Horobin and Arcedolo (1986) found that there were:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • More deficits when the containers were far apart than close

  • Less deficits when the containers were far apart than close

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 68

1

At what stage can babies; accurately search A-B, represent objects when they are invisible (when they are stationary, but not when both invisible and moving), but not handle invisible displacements?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 12-18 months

  • 18-24 months

Explicación

Pregunta 49 de 68

1

At what stage can babies; handle invisible displacements, represent rather than perceive, and handle full object permanence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 12-18 months

  • 18-24 months

Explicación

Pregunta 50 de 68

1

________ is a technique used to dishabituate individuals (primarily children) by going against what they thought was going to happen.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Dishabituation circumstance

  • Violation of expectation

  • Denial of visuality

Explicación

Pregunta 51 de 68

1

According to Kellman and Spelke (1983), reaching under an occluder...

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Only works when the object is separate (or halved)

  • Only works when the entire object is moving in one direction

Explicación

Pregunta 52 de 68

1

Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that their results:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Criticised Piaget's time scale, because 4-month-olds can do the task as well

  • Supported the Piaget findings

Explicación

Pregunta 53 de 68

1

Kellman and Spelke's (1983) findings were:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • For the Nativist position

  • Against the Nativist position

Explicación

Pregunta 54 de 68

1

Subsequent findings on what Kellman and Spelke (1983) found that:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Children do not fill in the object, only perceive it

  • Children can perceive the rod as well to be filled (Gestalt)

Explicación

Pregunta 55 de 68

1

According to subsequent research into the Kellman and Spelke (1983) findings, do children look at the rod more or everything else around it?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Children look at the rod

  • Children don't care about the rod

Explicación

Pregunta 56 de 68

1

The Baillargeon (1985, 1987) findings supported or criticised the Piaget stance on object permanence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Evidence of object permanence, one cannot pass through another

  • Not evidence for object permanence, needs more research

Explicación

Pregunta 57 de 68

1

The effects for total occlusion in the Aguiar and Baillargeon (1999) study showed it to be apparent at what age?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 1 month

  • 2 months

  • 2.5 months

Explicación

Pregunta 58 de 68

1

According to Ruffman, Slade, and Redman (2005), infants:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Do have to anticipate where the object will be next

  • Do not need to anticipate anything

Explicación

Pregunta 59 de 68

1

In ancillary deficits, means-end reasoning refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching but getting distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous search task may still be ongoing

Explicación

Pregunta 60 de 68

1

In ancillary deficits, attention refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching, but also becoming distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous searching may still be ongoing

Explicación

Pregunta 61 de 68

1

In ancillary deficits, memory refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Having to logically reason how to get to an object

  • Searching, but also becoming distracted

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous task searching may still be ongoing

Explicación

Pregunta 62 de 68

1

In ancillary deficits, inhibition refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Having to logically reason where an object could be

  • Becoming distracted by searching

  • Looking is recognition-based, searching is recall-based (and more difficult)

  • Previous task search may still be ongoing

Explicación

Pregunta 63 de 68

1

Graded representation refers to:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Concepts developing in gradual stages

  • Concepts representing themselves

Explicación

Pregunta 64 de 68

1

For whom does understanding become 'fuller'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Piaget

  • Munakata

Explicación

Pregunta 65 de 68

1

For whom does understanding become 'stronger'?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Piaget

  • Munkata

Explicación

Pregunta 66 de 68

1

Berk (2012) suggested that babies still make the accurate A-B search error when:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • They search in A, watch it go to B, but still look in A anyway

  • They search in A, watch it go to B, and follow it to B

Explicación

Pregunta 67 de 68

1

"...enables toddlers to solve advanced object permanence problems involving invisible displacement - finding a toy moved while out of sight, such as into a small box while under a cover" Berk (2012). What is this an understanding of?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Mental representation

  • Graded representation

Explicación

Pregunta 68 de 68

1

In which temporal lobe did infants display a particular brain-wave pattern that is also seen in adults when they sustain a mental image of an object?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Right temporal lobe

  • Left temporal lobe

Explicación

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