Choose the option that best encompasses the main cause/s for the obesity epidemic
Genetics and individual biology
Over consumption and production, sedentary lifestyles and poor economic policy/regulation
Increased fat and sugar content in food, which is regulated poorly in both economical and political sense, and over-provided.
An unfair distribution of risk factors, leading to those with lower SES at higher risk of obesity
Choose the option that best describes the trends in cigarette smoking over the past century, within developing countries
Low at the beginning of the 20th century, with an slow increase post World War 2, until the 1970s when a large reduction in smoking prevalence (still seen today) occurred
High at the beginning of the 20th century, with an rapid increase post World War 2, until the 1970s when a large reduction in smoking prevalence (still seen today) occurred
Low at the beginning of the 20th century, with an slight increase post World War 2, until the 1970s when a plateau in smoking prevalence occured
Low at the beginning of the 20th century, with an rapid increase post World War 2, until the 1970s when a large reduction in smoking prevalence (still seen today) occurred
What is a distal cause of health?
A downstream cause of health, such as cultural or political context, education, poverty, and social connection
An upstream cause of health, such as diet, activity levels, exercise, or alcohol consumption
A downstream cause of health, such assuch as diet, activity levels, exercise, or alcohol consumption
An upstream cause of health, such as cultural or political context, education, poverty, and social connection
Choose the option that best suits the focus of the biomedical model of health.
Focus on the biological or psychological factors affecting health, and assumes illness is caused by bacteria, genes, or virus. Illness is addressed in a clinical manner, by doctors or psychologists.
Focus on the biological factors affecting health, and assumes illness is caused by bacteria, genes, or virus. Illness is addressed in a clinical manner by medical professionals
Only focuses on the distal determinants of health
Focus on the biology of an individual, as well as the social determinants acting on their health
Choose the option that best suits the concept of a social model of health.
A social model of health addresses the broader causes of health, and looks at health status as the impact of the individual determinants as well ads the complex interactions an individual has with surrounding environments. the model does not address biological factors.
A social model of health addresses the broader causes of health, and looks at health status as the impact of the individual social and biological determinants as well as the complex interactions an individual has with surrounding environments.
Social models of health only consider the distal factors and the impact they have on health
Social models of health believe an individuals health is solely shaped by their environment and none of their own individual choices
What best describes health inequities and health inequalities?
An inequality is a disparity, whereas an inequity is a disparity due to colonialism
An inequity is a disparity, but an inequality is a systematically unjust disparity
All health inequalities are health inequities, but not all health inequities are health inequalities
A health inequality is a difference in health between groups, and a health inequity is an unfair difference in health between groups
How is judgement used when selecting between health inequities vs. inequalities?
Inequalities that are preventable by reasonable means are unfair (inequities), therefore putting them right is a matter of justice.
Justice (is one group receiving more or less than another?), Beneficence/Non Malifience (is it a result of exposure or benefits?), and Respect for Autonomy (can some groups not make educated decisions?)
Justice (is one group receiving more or less than another?) and Respect for Autonomy (can some groups not make educated decisions?)
Beneficence/Non Malifience (is it a result of exposure or benefits?), and Respect for Autonomy (can some groups not make educated decisions?)
What is the best option to reduce health inequalities?
Ensure every individual in society has equal opportunity to equal health via access to care, health environments, education, and protection.
Ration the scarce resources, for unavoidable scarcities (finite resources i.e organ donors, hospital beds)
Ration the scarce resources, for economic scarcities (size of resource is determined by the government)
Ration the scarce resources, for unavoidable scarcities (finite resources i.e organ donors, hospital beds) andfor economic scarcities (size of resource is determined by the government)
Select the option that best describes the rationing options under unavoidable scarcities
Choose via capacity to benefit (those who would get the most benefit from the resource get priority), or by equal chance for all individuals to access the resource.
Use a market solution by giving all resources to the individuals and allowing them to open however much they desire on healthcare
Equal distribution of resources
Equitable resource distribution
What is Socio-Economic Status?
A complex mix of social and economic circumstances of an individual or group
A mesure that includes income, occupation, area of residence, and social integration
A concept related to the concept of social and economic capital
All of the options
What are the ways in which SES can be measured?
Occupational (NZSEI, NZSCO)- Do you have a job, how much you earn
Income based (Household or individual income, oftenin relation to the poverty line)
Deprivation (NZDep- what you don't have in relation to the population). 9 variables
Living standards (What you do have in relation to the population, ELSI)
All of the above
