Biology Chapter 7 Test Review

Put the bones in the right categories. (alphabetical order)
HEAD (CRANIUM): ❌ bones, ❌ bones, ❌ bones, ❌ bones
HEAD (FACIAL BONES): ❌, ❌ bones, ❌ bones
SPINE: ❌, ❌, ❌

What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column (in order from top to bottom):
❌, ❌, ❌, ❌, and ❌

Match the bones with the location in the body.
❌ and ❌ are in your shoulders (pectoral girdle).
❌ bones (connected at the rear by the sacrum) are in you hips (pelvic girdle).
The ❌, ❌, and ❌ are in your arms.
The ❌, ❌, and ❌ are in your hands and wrists.

Match the bones with the location in the body.
❌ and clavicles are in your shoulders (pectoral girdle).
❌ bones (connected at the rear by the sacrum) are in you hips (pelvic girdle).
The ❌, ❌, and ❌ are in your arms.
The ❌, ❌, and ❌ are in your hands and wrists
The ❌, ❌, ❌ and ❌ are in your legs.

Name the parts of a long bone:
❌ (bulged ends),
❌ (shaft),
❌ (protective sheath),
❌ cartilage, and
internal parts such as compact bone, ❌ bone medullary cavity and ❌.

How do the two primary substances that compose bone tissue provide the ability to resist both crushing and pulling forces?
❌ is very ❌ and allows bone tissue to withstand great ❌ forces.
❌ fibers are tough and ❌ and help prevent the mineral crystals from being pulled away from each other, allowing the bone to resist great ❌ forces.

How is the process by which fractures are repaired similar to the process by which bones are constructed in the first place?
When a child is developing in his mother's womb, special cells construct the forms of the bones out of ❌ or membrane material. When these cartilage ❌ are complete, ❌ begin to move through them, ❌ the cartilage with ❌.
When a broken bone is being ❌, special cells form a mass of cartilage that ❌ the break. Osteoblasts then move ❌ the cartilage, replacing it with bone.

Why do muscles in the eye and larynx have a higher ratio of nerve fibers to muscle cells than do muscles of the limbs and back?

Movements of the eyes and ❌ require relatively little ❌ but great ❌. As a result, the muscles of the eyes and larynx contain only a few ❌ per motor unit, resulting in a ❌ ratio of ❌ fibers to muscle fibers.

Movements of the limbs and ❌ require ❌ strength but less precision than eye and larynx movements. Therefore, the muscles of the limbs and back have many more muscle cells per motor unit, resulting in a ❌ ratio of nerve fibers to ❌ fibers.

How can the arrangement of motor units in a muscle provide the muscle with both dexterity and strength?

Most large muscles contain motor units with ❌ numbers of muscle fibers.

When fine dexterity is needed, the brain activates the motor units with the ❌ muscle fibers, allowing ❌.

When strength is needed, the brain activates the motor units with ❌, providing ❌ but less ❌.

Why is physical exercise vital for healthy muscles?

The size and efficiency of a muscle will not remain ❌ without physical ❌.
Muscles are designed to be ❌ and will ❌ without proper exercise.
❌ can keep your muscles ❌ and healthy for many years.
Exercise is also necessary for good ❌.