Cardiac System

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The cardiovascular system is made up of

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Which is the correct graduation of vessels?

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Arteries carry blood _, while veins carry blood ______ .

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Capillaries are the site of

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The two circuits of the cardiovascular system are

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The pulmonary circuit is on the _________ side

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The systemic circuit is on the ________ side

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The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to

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The systemic circuit pumps blood to

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The base of the heart can be defined as

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The base of the heart lies at

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The apex of the heart can be defined as ______, and lies .

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Deoxygenated blood is being pumped _______

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Oxygenated blood is pumped _______

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The heart is bordered laterally by __, posteriorly by _, and anteriorly by _______

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The pericardium is the

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The wall of the heart has ____ layers; they are (from outer to inner):

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Epicardium is the most layer of the heart wall. It's primary function is to __

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The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall. It is composed of

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The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall. It is composed of

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The endocardium is the ________ most layer of the heart wall; it is composed of

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Epithelial cells

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Purjunkie fibers are

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The heart is comprised of how many chambers?

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The upper chambers of the heart are known as the

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The lower chambers of the heart are known as

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Atria are responsible for

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Ventricles are responsible for

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Auricles are attached to _________ and increase

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Auricles are attached to _________ and increase

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Left and right atria are separated by

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Ventricles are separated by

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Atria is separated from the ventricles by

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The muscular walls of the left ventricle are thicker because:

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Valves of the heart are important for

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The tricuspid valve is the AV valve found on the _______ side of the heart

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The tricuspid valve has ___ _ attached to one end of the cusps, while the other end attach to papillary muscles

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The tricuspid valve:

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The tricuspid valve:

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The pulmonary valve does not contain

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The pulmonary valve

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The atrioventricular valve for the left side of the heart is known as the

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The mitral valve is responsible for

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The contraction of the left ventricle does what?

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The main result of coronary circulation is to

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The atria _ while the ventricles __, and vice versa.

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The pattern of contraction and relaxation in the heart is known as

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When the atria contract, it is known as _ . When atria relax it is known as ____

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ventricular contraction is known as ____ ; ventricular relaxation is known as _ _____

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During atrial/ventricular systole/diastol cycle, there is a brief _________ period for both ventricles and atria.

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High blood pressure causes the heart to

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During the cardiac cycle, pressure and within the chambers of the heart

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Changes in pressure in the heart result in

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During diastole, pressure is ___ which allows blood from areas of _ pressure to come in

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During systole, pressure is _ and blood will push valves open and move to _ areas

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When the ventricles contract, pressure is greater in the _ than the __

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The sound the heart makes is:

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The "lubb" sound occurs during __________, which results in the closing of the AV valves

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The "dubb" sound of a heartbeat occurs during ___________, which is the result of the pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves closing

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Heart sounds can indicate problems such as

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The key parts of the cardiac conduction system are:

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The SA node is known as the

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The SA reaches __ _ on its own

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The SA node is responsible for

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SA node causes the _________ to contract almost simultaneously

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The AV node __ impulse further allowing to completely contract.

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The AV bundles _________

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Purkinje fibers

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The correct order for chain of impulse during cardiac conduction system is:

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The junctional fibers are _, therefore _ electrical impulse.

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_________ record changes in electrical potential during the cardiac cycle.

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Electrocardiograms produce several waves; these are:

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The waves of an electrocardiogram combine to make up the ____

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Large electrical changes in an electrocardiogram show up as a ________

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P wave is a result of

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The P wave in an ECG leads to

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The QRS complex is a result of

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The QRS wave occurs just before

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Due to the QRS complex, repolarization of the atria is

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Repolarization ECG wave begins at

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The _____ wave is a result of ventricular repolarization

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The T wave takes longer to produce, seeing as

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Factors that affect the cardiac control system are

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vagus nerves are ___ and originate in and terminate in _

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Vagus nerves can both increase and decrease _ through _.

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Accelerator nerves are , and increase heart rate though _

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Barioreceptors are also known as

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Barioreceptors are part of

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Baroreceptors arise from

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Baroreceptors are responsible for

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The aorta and carotid arteries utilize baroreceptors to

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Stretch receptors are located in the

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Increase in pressure causes increased heart rate and force of contraction because

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Impulses from the cerebrum or hypothalamus:

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An increase in temperature causes an increase in ___ and vice versa.

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Baroreceptors also influence changes; such as and ____

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form a closed circuit of tubes carrying blood AWAY from the heart and then back.

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Blood vessels include:

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Arteries and arterioles (and metarterioles) conduct blood ______ from _ and lead to ____

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The sites of substance exchange between the blood and body cells are

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Venules and veins return blood from __ to _

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The portion of the arteriole that leads to capillary beds is known as

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Capillaries are the _____ diameter blood vessel

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Cappillaries are responsible for connecting to _

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Structurally speaking, capillaries are extensions of the ________ of arterioles

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________ in capillary walls permits for capillary permeability

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The "slits" in the capillaries are where cells

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Capillary permeability is conducive to . Muscle tissues have capillary openings, while liver and red bone marrow have _ capillary openings

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Why are slits in muscle tissue capillaries smaller?

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Arteries are

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Arteries contain ____ layers:

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The three layers of the artery from outermost to innermost are:

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The tunica interna contains

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The tunica media contains and which /_ blood vessels

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Collagenous fibers are found in the ____ _ layer of the artery, these allow for added _____

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The tunica externa contains _ and houses ____

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The _ __, located in the tunica externa region of the artery, are small blood vessels that nourish smooth muscle layers of fibers.

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The function of _________ in artery walls is so that blood can have a smooth surface to flow through, cutting down damage to blood cells.

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Endothelium in arteries secrete chemicals to inhibit

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Endothelium in arteries uses _ to cause dilation/constriction of blood vessels

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Smooth muscles of arteries and arterioles are innervated by sympathetic motor fibers, known as:

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Vasomotor fibers stimulate contraction of smooth muscle fibers in arterial walls. This is known as

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When impulse of vasomotor fibers is interrupted, it causes relaxation of muscles, known as

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Vasoconstriction and vasodilation have opposing effects on

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Exchange in the capillaries occurs via

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Capillaries use __________ as the primary mode of exchange

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In capillaries, if a molecule is lipid soluble it diffuses through . If the molecule is water soluble, it goes through _____.

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Plasma proteins tend to not leave the capillaries, resulting in:

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Colloid osmotic pressure is responsible for

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Hydrostatic pressure results in the filtration of ______ molecules (like water)

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Blood pressure ____ the _ the heart you get

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Veins tend to follow a path _____ to arteries

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While veins are similar to arteries, the major difference between the two is that:

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Veins do not have the ___ that arteries do; there is approximately % blood pressure acting on veins

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The primary source of moving blood from veins is

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___________ can be used as blood reservoirs by contracting due to sympathetic muscles in their lining causing them to maintain blood pressure and volume by increasing the amount of blood being returned to the heart.

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The force exerted by the blood on walls of the blood vessels is known as

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Blood pressure refers to the pressure in

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Systolic blood pressure is during

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Diastolic blood pressure occurs during

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Blood vessels expand and recoil, resulting in

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The first beat you hear when taking blood pressure is the blood pressure; the last beat you hear is the _ blood pressure.

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The factor(s) that affect blood pressure are

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___ _ determines blood volume entering arterial system

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If cardiac output increases, then __ increases and vice versa

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The ___ is equal to the sum of all formed elements and plasma volume in vascular system (about 8%)

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Blood pressure is directly proportional to

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How easily the molecules in a fluid flow past one another is known as the

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______ _ and increase viscosity

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__ rises with an increase in viscosity; Normal blood has a viscosity

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_ ____ is the friction between the blood vessel wall and the blood

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Anything that alters peripheral resistance also affects _ ________

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BP= __ x _ _______

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_ __ is the difference between end-diastolic volume and end-systolic volume

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Factors that affect stroke volume are:

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The amount of blood that gets back into the ventricles is known as

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Normally, only about ______% of EDV is pumped out in a single contraction

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____________ stimulation can increase the strength of ventricular contraction and increase stroke volume

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The stretching of the myocardial fibers in the ventricles is known as

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A higher EDV will result in a greater _______

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The increase in venous return, resulting in the increase in preload, resulting in the increase in cardiac output helps ensure that

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The amount of blood left in the ventricles after contraction depends on

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_____________ is the amount of force for a contraction at a given preload

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Contractility is influenced by ____ stimulation and

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The amount of force needed to open semilunar valves to eject blood is known as

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Afterload is increased by

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Afterload leads to a _ in stroke volume, therefore an in ESV

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The reflex that decreases blood pressure is known as

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The reflex that involves sympathetic impulses going to the SA nodes, in turn increasing heart rate is

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Increases in heart rate can increase _____ and _ ____

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Factors that can increase heart rate are

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Arteriole diameter can influence

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Decreases in diameter of arterioles results in

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Anything that results in vasoconstriction increases

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The vasomotor center is located in the ______ and sends _ signals to ______ muscles of arterioles

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The chemicals responsible for affecting precapillary sphincters and smooth muscles or arteriole and metarteriole walls are

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Nitric oxide and bradykinin are considered

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Angiotensin and endothelin are considered

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Little _________ is found in the veins and venules

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Blood movement depends on not only the heart, but

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During respiration:

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When venous pressure is low, ________ signals stimulate the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of the veins

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Vasoconstriction maintains

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Blood returns to the pulmonary circuit via

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The arterial system carries blood ___ _ the heart. Starts in __ ends in _ and ____.

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All veins except pulmonary veins empty in the _______ atria

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The pressure in the right atria is known as

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Central venous pressure can influence pressure in

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Subclavian and common carotid arteries supply blood to

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Divisions of subclavian arteries include

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Common carotid arteries include

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Vertebral arteries come together to form

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The basilar artery branches to

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The vertebral arteries also divide into two posterior ______ arteries, which supply blood to parts of the temporal and occipital lobe

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What arteries provide blood to the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, pharynx, and muscles of neck, shoulder, and back?

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What arteries are LAST to branch from the subclavian divisions, and supply blood to the muscles in neck, back, and thoracic walls?

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The external common carotid artery divides into the superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, occipital artery, and posterior auricular artery just above the ______ border

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The external carotid artery ends by dividing into the

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The internal carotid artery is the major blood supply for the

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Major branches of the internal carotid artery include

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At the base of the internal carotid arteries is

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The ________ artery passes between the clavicle and first rib and becomes part axillary artery

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The subclavian artery provides blood to

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The subclavian artery becomes the ________ artery as it leaves the axilla

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The radial artery

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Where does the internal thoracic artery derive from?

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The posterial intercostals comes from

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The abdominal aorta divides to form what?

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The iliac arteries divides into

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The iliolumbar artery, superior and inferior gluteal arteries, internal pudendal artery, superior and inferior vesical arteries, middle rectal artery, and uterine artery are all derivatives of

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The external iliac artery becomes

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The superficial circumflex iliac artery, superficial epigastric artery, superficial and deep external prudendal arteries, deep femoral artery, and deep genicular artery are derivatives of

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The femoral artery becomes the __ artery, which supplies the and muscles of the and calf with blood.

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The popliteal artery divides into

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The popliteal artery divides into

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The anterior tibial artery branches to __, while the posterior tibial artery branches to _

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The anterior tibial artery branches to

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The posterior tibial artery branches to

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The venous system

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________ system pathways are difficult to follow

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Blood veins of the systemic circuit converge into two major pathways

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External ___ veins drain blood from the face, scalp, and superficial regions of the neck, and empty into right and left _ veins.

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Internal _ veins drain blood from brain and veins in the face and neck and empties into _ veins.

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The union of the internal jugular and subclavian makes the ____ veins, which empty into the _ _ ____

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Radial and ulnar veins merge to form

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Deep venous drainage veins are

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Superficial venous drainage veins are

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The normal site of venipuncture is

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The internal thoracic and intercostal veins drain into

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The posterior intercostal veins, superior and inferior hemiazygos vein, and ascending lumbar vein all drain into

Chapter 15

Cardiac System

The cardiovascular system is made up of

Which is the correct graduation of vessels?

Arteries carry blood _____________, while veins carry blood __________________ .

Capillaries are the site of

The two circuits of the cardiovascular system are

The pulmonary circuit is on the _________ side

The systemic circuit is on the ________ side

The pulmonary circuit pumps blood to

The systemic circuit pumps blood to

The base of the heart can be defined as

The base of the heart lies at

The apex of the heart can be defined as __________________, and lies ____________.

Deoxygenated blood is being pumped _______

Oxygenated blood is pumped _______

The heart is bordered laterally by ________, posteriorly by ____________ ___________, and anteriorly by ___________

The pericardium is the

The wall of the heart has ____ layers; they are (from outer to inner):

Epicardium is the ________ most layer of the heart wall. It's primary function is to __________

The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall. It is composed of

The myocardium is the ______ layer of the heart wall. It is composed of

Arteries carry blood _, while veins carry blood ______ .

The apex of the heart can be defined as ______, and lies .

The heart is bordered laterally by __, posteriorly by _, and anteriorly by _______

Epicardium is the most layer of the heart wall. It's primary function is to __

The tricuspid valve has ___ _ attached to one end of the cusps, while the other end attach to papillary muscles