Colin Cherry’s experiment in which participants listened to two messages simultaneously, one in each ear, found that
people take in very little information about the ignored message.
memory of the messages is due to the functions of the hippocampus
memory of the messages are determined based on logic
people cannot focus on one message and ignore the other one.
A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)
artificial intelligence.
memory consolidation.
cognitive map
mental model.
After seeing several commercials where celebrities are wearing “Boom” shoes, Steve really wants a pair. Steve’s desire to have a pair of the shoes could best be explained by
clever marketing
classical conditioning
choice
higher order cognition
The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be
measured by comparing responses among different participants.
inferred from the participant’s behavior.
measured directly.
measured by comparing the presentation of the stimulus and the participant’s response.
All of the following are part of B.F. Skinner’s three term contingency except
the reinforcement
the perception
the response
the environment
The cognitive revolution resulted in dramatic changes in the way psychology was studied and understood. This so-called "revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
Donder's work on choice
Skinner boxes
computers
analytic introspection
Suyen is arguing that humans have a unique capacity for language because of neurological changes that resulted from evolution. From this, Suyen is arguing for
learning
contrapreparedness
preparedness
intelligence
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers in cognitive psychology. Their computer program
controlled presentation of visual stimuli during cognitive psychology experiments.
solved logic problems.
simulated human attention.
introduced the first flow diagram.
Given that populations grow exponentially and there are limited resources, Darwin inferred that
There is no God
populations stabilize
there would be competition for limited resources
there would be some traits that would be passed onto future generations
The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
functional analysis.
behavioral analysis.
analytic introspection.
information processing
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
Reaction time
Unconscious inference
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
The field that studies how to make machines behave in ways that are intelligent if a human were so behaving is known as
flow diagramming.
cognitive psychology.
behaviorism.
The result of natural selection over many generations is
cognition.
evolution.
reproductive fitness.
differential survival rates.
Ebbinghaus' "memory" experiments were important because they
plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.
described complex decision-making.
were the first to combine basic elements of experience called sensations.
showed how positive reinforcers strengthen behavior.
In order to conduct research in psychology, which of the following was considered necessary by the behaviorists?
Consciousness
Introspection
The mind
Observable behavior
All of the following are mental abilities or processes involved in cognition except
language
perception
development
problem solving
By comparing reaction times across different tasks, Donders was able to conclude how long the mind needs to perform a certain cognitive task. Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to
process the stimulus.
perceive the stimulus.
make a decision about the stimulus.
attend to the stimulus.
Angelina has received six stickers for cleaning her room this week. If she recieves one more, she’ll get to have a special dessert of her choosing after supper. Angelina’s behavior can be best explained by
classically conditioned associations
a token economy
the unattended speech effect
short-term memory
One’s psychology can be viewed as a continuum from________to________to________.
reflex, learning, cognition
experience, memory, emotion
neuron, circuit, cortex
hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
All of the following are reasons to use models to understand cognition except
they are simplistic
they provide an accurate description of cognition
they provide representations of abstract concepts
they generate good research questions
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with
prosopagnosia
Broca's aphasia.
Wernicke's aphasia.
Alzheimer's disease
Shinkareva et al. (2008) conducted research mind reading that revealed
the distinction between form and meaning in language.
strong support for specificity coding within the fusiform face area.
a computer could fairly accurately predict what category of object a participant was viewing.
the existence of feature detectors that respond to whole objects.
The way patterns of neural firing represent a specific stimulus or experience is known as
convergence
the neural code.
a propagated signal.
the action potential.
Sarah has experienced brain damage making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has most likely sustained damage?
Functional magnetic area (FMA)
Extrastriate body area (EBA)
Fusiform face area (FFA)
Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
The idea of a grandmother cell is consistent with
subtraction techniques.
specificity coding.
distributed coding.
primary receiving areas.
You are walking down the street and see a really nice car drive by. You notice many features of it: its color, movement, shape, location, and so forth. All of these features are first processed
through fMRI potentials.
in one localized associative area of the cortex.
in different primary areas of the cortex.
by the grandmother cells in the brain.
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
neuroscience.
neuropsychology.
cognitive neuroscience.
Which of the following is not consistent with the idea of localization of function?
Stimuli are processed throughout various primary and associative areas of the brain.
Specific areas of the brain serve different functions.
Neurons in different areas of the brain respond best to different stimuli.
Brain areas are specialized for specific functions.
Which of the following statements best describes how neurons communicate with one another?
Action potentials travel across the synapse and send high or low intensity signals.
The end of one neuron makes direct contact with the receiving end of another neuron.
A chemical process takes place at the synapse that has resulted from a chemical-electrical change within the neuron.
A process takes place in the receptors whereby receptors send chemical information to other neurons via neurotransmitters.
The occipital lobe is
where signals are received from the sensory system for touch.
important for higher functions such as language, thought, and memory, as well as motor functioning.
important for language, memory, hearing, and vision.
the first place in the cerebral cortex where visual information is received.
The _____ lobe of the cortex serves higher cognitive functions such as problem solving, decision making, attention, and information processing.
frontal
parietal
occipital
subcortical
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the _____ lobe.
temporal
Which of the following do PET and fMRI have in common?
The use of radioactive tracers
The measurement of magnetic fields
The use of the subtraction technique
All of the above are characteristics of both PET and fMRI
Damage to Wernicke's area is in which lobe of the brain?
Frontal
Occipital
Parietal
Temporal
Neurons that respond to specific details or parts that make up objects are called
receptors
feature detectors.
retinal cells.
dendrites
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the
amount of the neurotransmitters.
firing rate of the action potentials.
size of the synapse
intensity of the action potentials
When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes the same three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the least and neuron 3 responding the most. Your results support ____ coding.
distributed
specificity
divergence
A synapse is
the structure that contains mechanisms to keep a neuron alive.
the structure that receives electrical signals from other neurons.
the space between neurons.
a tube filled with fluid that conducts electrical signals.
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
chain link fence.
picket fence.
brick wall.
solid wall.
Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to his
Broca's area.
Wernicke's area.
Speech segmentation is defined as
recognizing a few words out of many when hearing a largely unfamiliar language.
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
creating a sentence from a series of spoken words.
ignoring the spaces between the spoken words of a sentence.
Hollingsworth’s studies of blobs indicate that we perceive information based on
observations of a demonstrator
the culmination or association between parts of a stimulus
the situation or context
the properties of a stimulus
Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model describes processing at several levels or demons. The processing of vertical lines, horizontal lines, angles, or curves, for example, would occur at the level of the ______ demon.
cognitive
feature
decision
image
In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
Autism
Parkinson's
Anorexia
Alzheimer's
The neurons that respond while watching a demonstrator perform a task are called
afferent neurons.
feature detectors
mirror neurons.
People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the
law of pragnanz.
principle of size constancy.
oblique effect.
law of good continuation.
The pathway leading from the striate cortex in the occipital lobe to the temporal lobe is known as the
primary cortex.
associative cortex.
what pathway.
where pathway.
One problem with Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model is that it
lacks a description of how we decide which stimulus is most likely
there is not a biological paralell for the model
can’t account for how we can process information both globally and locally
doesn’t have sufficient evidence to support it
Damage to the temporal lobe makes the _____ more difficult.
double dissociation problem
single dissociation problem
object discrimination or recognition problem
landmark discrimination problem
The likelihood principle states that
it is easier to perceive vertical and horizontal orientations.
feature detectors are likely to create a clear perception of an object.
we perceive size to remain the same size even when objects move to different distances
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
Jane is four, and when playing in the park recently, she saw a dog that she’d never seen before. Even though she had never seen the dog, she was able to label the dog as being a dog. This scenario causes problems for which explanation of perception?
Bottom-up Processing
Feature Theory
Template Matching Theory
Recognition-by-components
The results of Gauthier’s "Greeble" experiment illustrate
that neurons specialized to respond to vertical and horizontal lines are present in our brains when we are born.
that our perceptions remain fairly stable in different environments.
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity.
that training a monkey to recognize the difference between common objects can influence how the monkey’s neurons fire to these objects.
Patients with associative visual agnosia might be able to correctly draw or copy an image but not recognize what it is. This is an example of a
double dissociation
failure in top-down processing
failure in bottom-up processing
dissociation
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
repeated practice at the task.
their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
top-down processing.
bottom-up processing.
Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object. This is known as the
principles of componential recovery.
top-down processing
perceptual organization.
The landmark or spacial discrimination problems are more difficult to do if you have damage to your _____lobe.
In Selfrige’s Pandamonium Model, features of a stimulus are detected at the level of the _______ demon.
Image
Decision
Cognitive
Feature
One problem with the Template Matching Theory of perception is that
there are not enough neurons to create new templates
experience changes or modifies existing templates
new experiences are limited and dont’ represent the vast number of templates we possess
we don’t have templates for every possible experience
You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of
simplicity
familiarity
pragnanz
similarity
When a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
are present.
involve different mechanisms.
are controlled by a single brain area.
involve the same mechanism.
Dichotic listening occurs when
a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear.
participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.
the same message is presented to the left and right ears.
different messages are presented to the left and right ears.
Broadbent’s "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on the
physical characteristics of the message.
higher order characteristics of the message.
physical characteristics and meaning of the message.
modality and structure of the message.
Suppose two teenagers are vying for their mother’s attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman’s attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of the
In Schneider and Shiffrin’s experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier
in the consistent-mapping condition.
in the high-load condition.
for the location-based task.
in the variable-mapping condition.
The Stroop effect demonstrates
a failure of divided attention.
support for object-based attention where a low-load task was being used.
the ease of performing a low-load task.
how automatic processing can interfere with controlled processing.
Strayer and Johnston’s (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" vs. "handheld" cell phones found that
driving performance was impaired less with the hands-free phones than with the handheld phones.
driving performance was impaired only with the handheld cell phones.
talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.
divided attention (driving and talking on the phone) did not affect performance.
The use of an eye tracker can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.
dichotic
covert
divided
overt
Automatic processing occurs when
tasks are well-practiced.
response times are long.
attention is focused.
cognitive resources are high.
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of ____ attention.
cocktail party
low load
selective
When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is
silently following it mentally.
saying the message out loud.
ignoring it while paying attention to another message.
thinking about something closely related to the message.
The cocktail party effect is
the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.
the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages.
the equal division of attention between competing messages.
the diminished awareness of information in a crowd.
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention is that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn’t occur until the information is analyzed for
location
modality
meaning
physical characteristics.
A high threshold in Treisman’s model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
no signals cause activation.
all signals cause activation.
weak signals can cause activation.
Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor
was processed
was ignored
was overtly responded to by the participant
increased the cognitive load of the task
The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as
selective attention.
divergent tasking.
dual attention.
divided attention.
Controlled processing involves
ease in performing parallel tasks.
overlearning of tasks.
few cognitive resources.
close attention.
In Simons and Chabris's "inattentional blindness" experiment, participants watch a film of people playing basketball. Many participants failed to report that that a gorilla walked through because the
participants were counting the number of ball passes.
the gorilla was the same color as the floor.
participants were not asked if they saw anything unusual.
gorilla was in motion, just like the players.
According to Treisman’s feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.
letter analysis
feature analysis
preattentive
focused attention
Illusory conjunctions are
combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli.
features that are consistent across different stimuli.
combinations of features from different stimuli.
misidentified objects using the context of the scene.
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that
both driving and talking on the phone are low-load cognitive tasks.
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone.
the negative effect can be decreased by using "hands-free" units.
the problem with cell phones is that attention is distracted from the task of driving by the need to hold the phone and drive with one hand.
