The primary reason the angle of attack must be increased, to maintain a constant altitude during a coordinated turn, is because the
Thrust is acting in a different direction, causing a reduction in airspeed and loss of lift.
Vertical component of lift has decreased as the result of the bank.
Use of ailerons has increased the drag.
Which is true regarding the use of flaps during level turns?
the lowering of flaps increases the stall speed.
The raising of flaps increases the stall speed.
Raising flaps will require added forward pressure on the yoke or stick.
Defines VNO as
Maximum operating limit speed.
Maximum structural cruising speed.
Never-exceed speed.
Airplane wing loading during a level coordinated turn in smooth air depends upon the
Rate of turn
Angle of bank
True airspeed
The stalling speed of an airplane is most affected by
Changes in air density
Variations in flight altitude.
Variations in airplane loading
During the transition from straight-and-level flight to a climb, the angle of attack is increased and lift
Is momentarily decreased.
Remains the same.
Is momentarily increased.
Load factor is the lift generated by the wings of an aircraft at any given time
Divided by the total weight of the aircraft.
Multiplied by the total weight of the aircraft.
Divided by the basic empty weight of the aircraft.
Lift on a wing is most properly defined as the
Force acting perpendicular to the relative wind.
Differential pressure acting perpendicular to the chord of the wing
Reducedpressureresultingfromalaminarflowovertheuppercamberofanairfoil, whichactsperpendicular to the mean camber.
While holding the angle of bank constant in a level turn, if the rate of turn is varied the load factor would
Remain constant regardless of air density and the resultant lift vector
Vary depending upon speed and air density provided the resultant lift vector varies proportionately.
Vary depending upon the resultant lift vector
Which is true regarding the forces acting on an aircraft in a steady-state descent? The sum of all
Upward forces is less than the sum of all downward forces.
Forces is greater than the sum of all forward forces.
Forward forces is equal to the sum of all rearward forces
What performance is characteristic of flight at maximum lift/drag ratio in a propeller- driven airplane? Maximum
Gain in altitude over a given distance.
Range and maximum distance glide.
Coefficient of lift and minimum coefficient of drag.
The need to slow an aircraft below VA is brought about by the following weather phenomenon:
High density altitude which increases the indicated stall speed.
Turbulence which causes an increase in stall speed
Turbulence which causes a decrease in stall speed.
In theory, if the airspeed of an airplane is doubled while in level flight, parasite drag will become
Twice as great.
Half as great.
Four times greater.
As airspeed decreases in level flight below that speed for maximum lift/drag ratio, total drag of an airplane
Decreases because of lower parasite drag.
Increases because of increased induced drag.
Increases because of increased parasite drag.
If the airspeed is increased from 90 knots to 135 knots during a level 60° banked turn, the load factor will
Increase as well as the stall speed.
Decrease and the stall speed will increase.
Remain the same but the radius of turn will increase.
The angle of attack at which a wing stalls remains constant regardless of
Weight, dynamic pressure, bank angle, or pitch attitude.
Dynamic pressure, but varies with weight, bank angle, and pitch attitude.
Weight and pitch attitude, but varies with dynamic pressure and bank angle.
Which statement is true, regarding the opposing forces acting on an airplane in steady- state level flight?
These forces are equal.
Thrust is greater than drag and weight and lift are equal.
Thrust is greater than drag and lift is greater than weight.
On a wing, the force of lift acts perpendicular to, and the force of drag acts parallel to the
Chord line.
Flightpath
Longitudinal axis.
An aircraft wing is designed to produce lift resulting from a difference in the
Negative air pressure below and a vacuum above the wing's surface.
Vacuum below the wing's surface and greater air pressure above the wing's surface.
Higher air pressure below the wing's surface and lower air pressure above the wing's surface.
In theory, if the angle of attack and other factors remain constant and the airspeed is doubled, the lift produced at the higher speed will be
The same as at the lower speed.
Two times greater than at the lower speed.
Four times greater than at the lower speed.
20 By changing the angle of attack of a wing, the pilot can control the airplane's
Lift, airspeed, and drag.
Lift, airspeed, and CG.
Lift and airspeed, but not drag
A rectangular wing, as compared to other wing planforms, has a tendency to stall first at the
Wingtip, with the stall progression toward the wing root.
Wing root, with the stall progression toward the wing tip.
Center trailing edge, with the stall progression outward toward the wing root and tip.
Stall speed is affected by
Weight, load factor, and power.
Load factor, angle of attack, and power.
Angle of attack, weight, and air density.
Which statement is true relative to changing angle of attack?
A decrease in angle of attack will increase pressure below the wing, and decrease drag.
An increase in angle of attack will decrease pressure below the wing, and increase drag.
An increase in angle of attack will increase drag.
For a given angle of bank, in any airplane, the load factor imposed in a coordinated constant-altitude turn
Is constant and the stall speed increases.
Varies with the rate of turn.
Is constant and the stall speed decreases.
If severe turbulence is encountered during flight, the pilot should reduce the airspeed to
Minimum control speed.
Design-maneuvering speed.
A propeller rotating clockwise as seen from the rear, creates a spiraling slipstream. The spiraling slipstream, along with torque effect, tends to rotate the airplane to the
Right around the vertical axis, and to the left around the longitudinal axis.
Left around the vertical axis, and to the right around the longitudinal axis.
Left around the vertical axis, and to the left around the longitudinal axis.
Which is true regarding the force of lift in steady, unaccelerated flight?
At lower airspeeds the angle of attack must be less to generate sufficient lift to maintain altitude.
There is a corresponding indicated airspeed required for every angle of attack to generate
Anairfoilwillalwaysstallatthesameindicatedairspeed, therefore, anincreaseinweightwillrequireanincrease in speed to generate sufficient lift to maintain altitude.
The ratio between the total airload imposed on the wing and the gross weight of an aircraft in flight is known as
Load factor and directly affects stall speed.
Aspect load and directly affects stall speed.
Load factor and has no relation with stall speed.
(Refer to figure 1) The vertical line from point D to point G is represented on the airspeed indicator by the maximum speed limit of the
Green arc.
Yellow Arc
White Arc
If an aircraft with a gross weight of 2,000 pounds was subjected to a 60° constant-altitude bank, the total load would be
3000 pounds
4000 pounds
12000 pounds
If the airplane attitude initially tends to return to its original position after the elevator control is pressed forward and released, the airplane displays
Positive dynamic stability.
Positive static stability.
Neutral dynamic stability.
Longitudinal stability involves the motion of the airplane controlled by its
Rudder
Elevator
Ailerons
Longitudinal dynamic instability in an airplane can be identified by
Bank oscillations becoming progressively steeper.
Pitch oscillations becoming progressively steeper.
Trilatitudinal roll oscillations becoming progressively steeper.
If the airplane attitude remains in a new position after the elevator control is pressed forward and released, the airplane displays
Neutral longitudinal static stability.
Positive longitudinal static stability.
Neutral longitudinal dynamic stability.
In a rapid recovery from a dive, the effects of load factor would cause the stall speed to
Increase.
Decrease.
Not vary.
When turbulence is encountered during the approach to a landing, what action is recommended and for what primary reason?
Increase the airspeed slightly above normal approach speed to attain more positive control.
Decrease the airspeed slightly below normal approach speed to avoid overstressing the airplane.
Increase the air speeds lightly above normal approach speed to penétrate the turbulence as quickly as possible.
Recovery from a stall in any airplane becomes more difficult when its
Center of gravity moves forward.
Elevator trim is adjusted nosedown.
Center of gravity moves aft.
Why is it necessary to increase back elevator pressure to maintain altitude during a turn? To compensate for the
Loss of the vertical component of lift.
Loss of the horizontal component of lift and the increase in centrifugal force.
Rudder deflection and slight opposite aileron throughout the turn.
If airspeed is increased during a level turn, what action would be necessary to maintain altitude? The angle of attack
And angle of bank must be decreased.
Must be increased or angle of bank decreased.
Must be decreased or angle of bank increased.
Name the four fundamentals involved in maneuvering an aircraft.
Power, pitch, bank, and trim.
Thrust, lift, turns, and glides.
Straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and descents.
A pilot's most immediate and vital concern in the event of complete engine failure after becoming airborne on takeoff is
Maintaining a safe airspeed.
Landing directly into the wind.
Turning back to the takeoff field.
To increase the rate of turn and at the same time decrease the radius, a pilot should
Maintain the bank and decrease airspeed.
Increase the bank and increase airspeed.
Increase the bank and decrease airspeed.
(Refer to figure 2.) Select the correct statement regarding stall speeds. The airplane will stall
10 knots higher in a power-on, 60° bank, with gear and flaps up, than with gear and flaps down.
25 knots lower in a power-off, flaps-up, 60° bank, than in a power-off, flaps-down, wings-level configuration.
10 knots higher in a 45° bank, power-on stall, than in a wings-level stall with flaps up.
An airplane leaving ground effect will
Experience a reduction in ground friction and require a slight power reduction.
Experience an increase in induced drag and require more thrust.
Require a lower angle of attack to maintain the same lift coefficient.
One of the main functions of flaps during the approach and landing is to
Decrease the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.
Provide the same amount of lift at a slower airspe
Decrease lift, thus enabling a steeper-than-normal approach to be made.
The spoilers should be in what position when operating in a strong wind?
Extended during both a landing roll or ground operation.
Retracted during both a landing roll or ground operation.
Extended during a landing roll, but retracted during a ground operation.
The purpose of wing spoilers is to decrease
The drag.
Landing speed.
The lift of the wing.
Propeller efficiency is the
Ratio of thrust horsepower to brake horsepower.
Actual distance a propeller advances in one revolution.
Ratio of geometric pitch to effective pitch.
In order to achieve single engine climb performance with an engine failed in most twin prop aircraft, it is essential to:
Apply full power to the live engine (firewall)
Minimize drag (flaps, gear, feather prop)
Secure the failed engine
If the same angle of attack is maintained in ground effect as when out of ground effect, lift will
increase, and induced drag will decrease.
decrease, and parasite drag will increase.
increase, and induced drag will increase
In order to achieve a zero sideslip condition with a failed engine on a propeller aircraft, the pilot must:
Bank away from the live engine up to 5o
Center the ball on the turn and slip indicator
Bank into the live engine slightly
When dealing with aerodynamics, VMC refers to:
Visual Meteorological Conditions
Minimum airspeed at which directional control can be maintained with the critical engine inoperative
Maximum airspeed at which an engine can be operated with one engine
On an aircraft without counter-rotating props, the left engine is considered to be the critical one to fail because of the following factors:
Zero sideslip condition, engine windmilling and aft legal C of G.
P-factor, Accelerated slipstream, Spiraling slipstream and Torque
No power available Vs power required, yaw towards the left engine and sideslip
Every physical process of weather is accompanied by or is the result of
A heat exchange.
The movement of air.
A pressure differentia.
What causes wind?
The Earth’s rotation.
Air mass modification.
Pressure differences.
In the Northern Hemisphere, the wind is deflected to the
Right by Coriolis force.
Right by surface friction.
Left by Coriolis force.
Why does the wind have a tendency to flow parallel to the isobars above the friction level?
Coriolis force tends to counterbalance the horizontal pressure gradient.
Coriolis force acts perpendicular to a light connecting the highs and lows.
Friction of the air with the Earth deflects the air perpendicular to the pressure gradient.
What prevents air from flowing directly from high-pressure areas to low-pressure areas?
Coriolis force.
Surface friction.
Pressure gradient force.
Which would increase the stability of an air mass?
Warning from below.
Cooling from below.
Decrease in water vapor.
Which feature is associated with the tropopause?
Constant height above the Earth.
Abrupt change in the temperature lapse rate.
Absolute upper limit of cloud formation.
A common location of clear air turbulence is
In an upper trough on the polar side of a jet stream.
Near a ridge aloft on the equatorial side of a high-pressure flow.
South of an east/west oriented high-pressure ridge in its dissipating stage.
The jet stream and associated clear air turbulence can sometimes be visually identified in flight by
Dust or haze at flight level.
Long streaks of cirrus clouds.
A constant outside air temperature.
During the winter months in the middle latitudes, the jet stream shifts toward the
North and speed decreases.
South and speed increases.
North and speed increases.
Which type of jet stream can be expected to cause the greater turbulence?
A straight jet stream associated with a low-pressure trough.
A curving jet stream associated with a deep low-pressure trough.
A jet stream occurring during the summer at the lower latitudes.
Which conditions are favorable for the formation of a surface based temperature inversion?
Clear, cool nights with calm or light wind.
Area of unstable air rapidly transferring heat from the surface.
Broad areas of cumulus clouds with smooth, level bases at the same altitude.
The wind system associated with a low-pressure area in the Northern Hemisphere is
An anticyclone and is caused by descending cold air.
A cyclone and is caused by Coriolis force.
An anticyclone and is caused by Coriolis force.
Which is the true with a respect to a high- or low-pressure system?
A high-pressure area or ridge is an area of rising air.
A low-pressure area or trough is an area of descending air.
A high-pressure area or ridge is an area of descending air.
Which is the true regarding high- or low-pressure systems?
A low-pressure area or trough is an area of rising air.
Both high- and low-pressure areas are characterized by descending air.
Which is true regarding actual air temperature and dew point temperature spread? The temperature spread
Decreases as the relative humidity decreases.
Decreases as the relative humidity increases.
Increases as the relative humidity increases.
Moisture is added to a parcel of air by
Sublimation and condensation.
Evaporation and condensation.
Evaporation and sublimation.
Which would decrease the stability of an air mass?
Warming from below.
Cooling from below
What determines the structure or type of clouds which will form as a result of air being forced to ascend?
The method by which the air is lifted.
The stability of the air before lifting occurs.
The relative humidity of the air after lifting occurs.
When conditionally unstable air with high-moisture content and very warm surface temperature is forecast, one can expect what type of weather?
Strong updrafts and stratonimbus clouds.
Restricted visibility near the surface over a large area.
Strong updrafts and cumulonimbus clouds.
f clouds form as a result of very stable, moist air being forced to ascend a mountain slope, the clouds will be
Cirrus type with no vertical development or turbulence.
Cumulus type with considerable vertical development and turbulence.
Stratus type with little vertical development and little or no turbulence.
What type weather can one expect from moist, unstable air, and very warm surface temperatures?
Fog and low stratus clouds.
Continuous heavy precipitation.
The conditions necessary for the formation of stratiform clouds are a lifting action and
Unstable, dry air.
Stable, moist air.
Unstable, moist air.
Which cloud types would indicate convective turbulence?
Cirrus clouds.
Nimbostratus clouds.
Towering cumulus clouds.
Which combination of weather-producing variables would likely result in cumuliform- type clouds, good visibility, and showery rain?
Stable, moist air and orographic lifting.
Unstable, moist air and orographic lifting.
Unstable, moist air and no lifting mechanism
What are the characteristics of stable air?
Good visibility, steady precipitation, stratus clouds.
Poor visibility, steady precipitation, stratus clouds.
Poor visibility, intermittent precipitation, cumulus clouds.
What is a characteristic of stable air?
Stratiform clouds.
Fair weather cumulus clouds.
Temperature decreases rapidly with altitude.
When an air mass is stable, which of these conditions are most likely to exist?
Numerous towering cumulus and cumulonimbus clouds.
Moderate to severe turbulence at the lower levels.
Smoke, dust, haze, etc., concentrated at the lower levels with resulting poor visibility.
Which is characteristic of stable air?
Cumuliform clouds.
Excellent visibility.
Restricted visibility.
Which is a characteristic typical of a stable air mass?
Showery precipitation.
Continuous precipitation.
Which are characteristics of a cold air mass moving over a warm surface?
Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and poor visibility.
Cumuliform clouds, turbulence, and good visibility.
Stratiform clouds, smooth air, and poor visibility.
Which is true regarding a cold from occlusion? The air ahead of the warm front
Is colder than the air behind the overtaking cold front.
Is warmer than the air behind the overtaking cold front.
Has the same temperature as the air behind the overtaking cold front.
The conditions most favorable to wave formation over mountainous areas are a layer of
Stable air at mountaintop altitude and a wind of at least 20 knots blowing across the ridge.
Unstable air at mountaintop altitude and a wind of at least 20 knots blowing across the ridge.
Moist, unstable air at mountaintop altitude and a wind of less than 5 knots blowing across the ridge.
One of the most dangerous features of mountain waves is the turbulent areas in and
Below rotor clouds.
Above rotor clouds.
Below lenticular clouds.
Virga is best described as
Streamers of precipitation trailing beneath clouds which evaporates before reaching the ground.
Wall cloud torrents trailing beneath cumulonimbus clouds which dissipate before reaching the ground.
Turbulent areas beneath cumulonimbus clouds.
he most severe weather conditions, such as destructive winds, heavy hail, and tornadoes, are generally associated with.
Slow-moving warm fronts which slope above the tropopause.
Squall lines.
Fast-moving occluded fronts.
If airborne radar is indicating an extremely intense thunderstorm echo, this thunderstorm should be avoided by a distance of at least
20 milles
10 milles
5 milles
What visible signs indicate extreme turbulence in thunderstorm?
Base of the clouds near the surface, heavy rain, and hail.
Low ceiling and visibility, hail, and precipitation static.
Cumulonimbus clouds, very frequent lightning, and roll clouds.
Which weather phenomenon signals the beginning of the mature stage of a thunderstorm?
The start of rain.
The appearance of an anvil top.
Growth rate of clouds is maximum.
What feature is normally associated with the cumulus stage of thunderstorm?
Roll cloud.
Continuous updraft.
Beginning of rain at the surface.
During the life cycle of a thunderstorm, which stage is characterized predominately by downdrafts?
Mature.
Developing.
Dissipating.
What minimum distance should exist between intense radar echoes before any attempt is made to fly between these thunderstorms?
30 milles
40 milles
During an IFR cross-country flight you picked up rime icing which you estimate is 1/2 “ thick on the leading edge of the wings. You are now below the clouds al 2000 feet AGL and are approaching your destination airport under VFR. Visibility under the clouds is more than 10 miles, winds at the destination airport are 8 knots right down the runway, and the surface temperature is 3 degrees Celsius. You decide to:
Use a faster than normal approach and landing speed.
Approach and land at your normal speed since the ice is not thick enough to have any noticeable effect.
Fly your approach slower than normal to lessen the “wind chill” effect and break up the ice.
Frost covering the upper surface of an airplane wing usually will cause.
The airplane to stall at an angle of attack that is higher than normal.
The airplane to stall at an angle of attack that is lower than normal.
Drag factors so large that sufficient speed cannot be obtained for takeoff.
A characteristic of the stratosphere is
An overall decrease of temperature with an increase in altitude.
A relatively even base altitude of approximately 35.000 feet.
Relatively small changes in temperature with an increase in altitude.
Absence of wind and turbulent conditions.
Abrupt change in temperature lapse rate.
