Blood clotting:
requires Ca2+
is promoted by erythrocytes
defects usually prolong the bleeding time
is initiated by tissue tromboplastin in the intrinsic coagulation pathway
is decreased by platelets
B-lymphocytes:
secrete circulating antibodies
carry antigen receptors on their surface
secrete antigens
secrete IGF-1
secrete fibrinogen
Red blood cells:
measure 15 mm in diameter
do not contain mitochondria
have a life span in circulation of 30 days
are released from the bone marrow as mature cells
contain nucleus
The following is true about the ABO and Rh systems
A person of group O is a universal recipient
A person who is group AB has anti-A and anti-B antibodies
The presence of D antigen means that the subject is Rh(+)
Rh antibodies occur naturally
The person of group A has anti-A antibodies
Which of the following helps in blood clotting?
Vit. B1
Vit. B2
Vit. D
Vit. K
Vit. B6
The function of hemoglobin is:
Transport of oxygen
Destruction of bacteria
Prevention of anaemia
Utilization of energy
Transport of CO
Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant?
Ca2+
Heparin
Fibrinogen
Albumin
Gamma-Globulins
What are the agglutinins?
antibodies
antigens
beta-globulins
amino acids
lipids
Which of the following substance influences indirectly blood clotting?
calcium ions
vit. K and vit. C
vit. B6 and vit. K
mineralocorticoids
renin
For which of the following cells phagocytosis is not typical?
neurotrophins
plasmocytes
monocytes
eosinophils
macrophages
Normal (physiological) hemolysis takes place:
inside the heart
inside the spleen and liver
inside the kidneys
inside the big blood vessels
inside the bone marrow
Which of the following are functions of the blood?
transport
regulation
protection
temperature regulation
all of the above
The blood volume of an average size male is:
3 to 4 liters
4 to 5 liters
5 to 6 liters
6 to 7 liters
7 to 9 liters
The blood volume is:
10-12% of body weight
10l
6-8% of body weight
5l
3-5% of body weight
The effects on plasma volume of 500 ml blood loss are neutralized within:
1-2 hours
8-10 hours
24 hours
one week
one month
Antithrombin III affects which coagulation factor?
XIIa
Xa
IIa
IXa
Vitamin K neutralizes:
factor 5
heparin
antithrombin 3
plasminogen
none of the above
Platelet activation will not occur without:
Vessel wall damage
Von Willebrand factor
Serotonin
Complement activation requires:
antigen-antibody complex
opsonization of bacteria
helper T-Cells
previous exposure to antigen
plasma proteins
For a T-cell to recognize a foreign antigen:
opsonization
the antigen presenting cell identifies the antigen
needs T-helper cells
prior exposure to antigen required
Hemoglobin contains:
one protoporphyrin ring and four ferrous ions
four protoporphyrin ring and one ferrous ion
four protoporphyrin rings and four ferrous ions
one protoporphyrin ring and one ferrous ion
Which blood component plays the biggest role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood?
albumin
carbon dioxide
white blood cells
fibrinogen
globulins
In a normal blood sample, which of the following cells will be the most abundant?
neutrophils
basophiles
eosinophiles
lymphocytes
An antigen:
A chemical messenger that is released by virus infected cells
A lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity
Something that coats the inside of lungs, causing infection
A protein or other molecule that is recognized as non-self
A thick yellow-white fluid
Where is the site of maturation for a B-cell?
thymus
bone marrow
pancreas
cortex
spleen
Nonspecific resistance is:
the body's ability to ward off diseases
the body's defenses against any kind of pathogen
the body's defense against a particular pathogen
the lack of resistance
Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in the maturation of T-lymphocytes:
lymph nodes
pineal gland
tonsils
The rate of erythrocyte sedimentation is increased when:
the plasma albumin fraction is increased
fibrinogen in the blood is decreased
the plasma globulin fraction is decreased
the plasma globulin fraction is increased
lack of erythropoietin
Agglutinins are found in:
the erythrocytes membrane
the leukocytes
the plasma
the platelets
γ-globulins are related to:
Humoral Immunity
Blood Coagulation
Transport of gases by the blood
Erythropoiesis
Cellular Immunity
Oxyhemoglobin is a compound of:
hemoglobin and 02
hemoglobin and CO2
hemoglobin and Fe2+
hemoglobin and CO
hemoglobin and N
The amount of plasma proteins is:
135-145 mmol.1-1
140-160 g.1-1
55-85 g.1-1
2.8-5.6 mmol.1-1
0.40-0.50 1.1-1
The plasma of blood type AB contains:
anti-A agglutinins
anti-B agglutinins
anti-A and anti-B agglutinins
no agglutinins
agglutinogens A and B
Osmotic hemolysis is due to:
water hypotonic solution entering the erythrocytes
destruction of the erythrocyte membrane by chemicals
fibrinolysis
formation of carbaminohemoglobin
transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin
Hypervolemia is:
increased blood volume
decreased blood volume
increased blood cholesterol
increased plasma proteins
increased blood pressure
Leucopenia is:
increased number of leukocytes
increased number of platelets
decreased number of leucocytes
increased number of erythrocytes
decreased number of platelets
When AB(0) blood is transfused to a recipient of blood type 0 (anti-A, anti-B):
the limit of the blood transfused is up to 300 ml
the transfused amount is unlimited
transfusion is forbidden
transfusion of plasma is the only possibility
possible only once in a lifetime
Sodium citrate stops coagulation by:
blocking fibrinogen
reacting with Ca2+
massive fibrinolysis
destruction of platelets
blocking Vit. K
The normal erythrocyte count is:
140-160.10^9.1-1
4-5.2.10^12.1-1
4-11.10^9.1-1
200-400.10^9.1-1
Leucocytosis is:
increased number of platelet
increased percentage of neutrophils
Platelets take part in:
the immune defense
the transport of gases in blood
homeostasis
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
The normal values of hemoglobin are:
4-5.5.10^12.1-1
140-160 g%
Of major significance for maintaining the blood oncotic pressure is:
the number of erythrocytes
the plasma globulin fraction
the leukocyte count
the plasma albumin fraction
the plasmafibrinogen
The red color of blood is due to:
The plasma cholesterol
The plasma albumin fraction
Ca2+ and K+ in plasma
The granules in the leucocytes
The hemoglobin in the erythrocytes
The normal blood platelet count is:
4.4-5.2 10^12.1-1
60-90.10^12.1-1
200-400.10^12.1-1
Fibrinolysis is:
Formation of the white plug
Formation of the red plug
Fibrin clot destruction
Viscose metamorphosis of the platelets
Destruction of adrenal medulla
When blood is transfused from 0(anti-A, anti-B) donor to AB(0) recipient:
the amount is up to 500 ml
the amount is unlimited
transfusion is impossible
only plasma may be transfused
only once in a lifetime
The osmotic fragility is determined by the use of:
Hypotonic solution of NaCl
Hypertonic solution of NaCl
HCl
NaOH
Celloscope
Heparin is:
a factor transforming prothrombin into thrombin
platelet factor 8
endogenic anticoagulant
exogenic anticoagulant
pancreatic enzyme
The plasma protein fraction of major significance for coagulation is:
globulin
γ-globulin
globulin and albumin
The normal range of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (Westergren) is:
2.4-2.6 mmol.1-1
1st hour: men- 3-8 mm; women- 5-10 mm
0.55-1.48 g.1-1
Of major significance for the erythrocyte sedimentation rate is:
the albumin/globulin ratio
total blood cholesterol
the platelet count
the leukocytes ratio (%)
The normal leukocyte count is:
4.0-11.10^9.1-1
4.5-5.2.10^12.1-1
60-90.10^9.1-1
20-40% of all blood cells
Fe2+ ions are necessary for:
the production of fibrinogen
erythropoiesis
the formation of leukocytes
the formation of platelets
the synthesis of thyreocalcitonin
The percentage of Rh(+) people is:
15%
85%
50%
30%
15% of pregnant women
The normal hematocrit range in men is:
2.4-2.6 mnol.1-1
0.55-1.48 mmol.1-1
140 - 160 g.1-1
4.5-5.5.10^12.1-1
Hematocrit measures the percentage of:
plasma
platelets
red blood cells
serum proteins
To prevent blood loss after a tissue injury, blood vessels first:
form a platelet plug
form a clot
initiate the coagulation cascade
constrict and form barriers
dilate
A foreign substance, usually a protein, that stimulates the immune system to react by producing antibodies is called:
allergen
antigen
histamine
mast cell
interferon
When neutrophils and macrophages squeeze out of capillaries to fight off infection, it is called:
phagocytosis
hemolysis
interleukin
diapedesis
folliculitis
Each of the following is a component of plasma except:
water
proteins
formed elements
nutrients
salts
Extracellular fluid in adults differs from intracellular fluid in that its:
volume is greater
tonicity is lower
Na+ concentration is lower
sodium: potassium molar ratio is higher
pH is lower
Total body water, expressed as a percentage of body weight:
can be measured with an indicator dilution technique to deuterium oxide
is smaller on average in women than in men
rises following injection of posterior pituitary extracts
is less than 80 per cent in young adults
Breakdown of erythrocytes in the body:
occurs when they are 6-8 weeks old
is named erythropoiesis
yields iron, most of which is excreted in the urine
yields bilirubin which is carried by plasma protein to the liver
is required for the synthesis of bile salts
A person with group A blood
has anti-A antibody in the plasma
may have the genotype AB
may have a parent with group O blood
may have children with group A or group O blood only
whose partner is also A can only have children of group A
Blood platelets are:
releasing factors promoting blood clotting
adhering together to form plugs when exposed to collagen
200-400.10^9.1^-1
releasing factors causing vasoconstriction
Plasma bilirubin:
is a steroid pigment
is converted to biliverdin in the liver
does not normally cross cerebral capillary walls
is freely filtered in the renal glomerulus
has red colour
Monocytes:
originate from precursor cells in lymph nodes
can Increase in number when their parent cells are stimulated by factors released from activated lymphocytes
unlike granulocytes, do not migrate across capillary walls
take part in homeostasis
manufacture immunoglobulin M
Erythrocytes:
are responsible for the major part of blood viscosity
contain the enzyme carbonic anhydrase
metabolize glucose to produce CO2 and H2O
carry 02 and CO2
Human plasma albumin:
contributes more to plasma colloid osmotic pressure than globulin
can not filter freely at the glomerulus
is negatively charged at the normal pH of blood
carries sex hormones in blood
Neutrophil granulocytes:
are the most common leukocyte in normal blood
contain proteolytic enzymes
contain actin and myosin microfilaments
are present in high concentration in pus
Bleeding from a small cut in the skin:
is normally diminished by local vascular spasm
ceases within about five minutes in normal people
is greater from warm skin than from cold skin
is reduced if the affected limb is elevated
Circulating red blood cells:
are about 1 per cent nucleated
take part in immunity
are distributed evenly across the blood stream in large blood vessels
deform as they pass through the capillaries
travel at slower velocity in venules than in capillaries
Lymphocytes:
are motile
can transform into plasma cells
increase in number during infection
decrease in number during immunosuppressive drug therapy
Blood:
makes up about 3% of body weight
forms a higher percentage of body weight in fat than in thin people
squeezes out serum when it clots
volume can be calculated by multiplying plasma volume by the haematocrit (expressed as a percentage)
volume rises after diuretic is taken
The pH:
of arterial blood normally ranges from 7.2 to 7.6
units express [H+] in moles/litre
of blood is directly proportional to the pCO2
of blood is directly proportional to [HCO3-]
of arterial blood is lower than venous blood
Blood eosinophils:
have agranular cytoplasm
are about a quarter of all leukocytes
are relatively abundant in the mucosa of the respiratory, urinary and alimentary tracts
are 50-70% of all leukocytes
increase in number in viral infections
Lymph:
doesn't contain plasma proteins
vessels are involved in the absorption of amino acids from the intestine
production decreases during muscular activity
does not normally contain cells
flow is aided by contraction of adjacent skeletal muscles
Blood platelets:
are formed in the bone marrow
are normally more numerous than white cells
increase in number after injury and surgery
alter shape when in contact with collagen
An appropriate dilution indicator for measuring:
total body water is sucrose
plasma volume is radioactive sodium
extracellular fluid volume is inulin
intracellular fluid volume directly is heavy water (deuterium oxide)
total body water is radioactive iodine
Excessive tissue fluid (oedema) in the legs may:
be associated with a raised extracellular fluid volume
result from hepatic disease
result from blockage of pelvic lymphatics
increase local interstitial thud pressure
Haemolytic disease of the new born:
can be prevented by injecting the mother with anti-D agglutinins just after delivery
affects mainly babies of Rh-positive mothers
occurs mainly in babies who lack D agglutinogen
causes jaundice which clears rapidly alter birth
can be treated by transfusing the affected baby with Rh-positive blood
Patients with moderate to severe anaemia have a reduced:
cardiac output
incidence of vascular bruits
2:3-diphosphoglycerate blood level
arterial pO2
capacity to raise oxygen consumption in exercise
Iron deficiency:
frequently follows persistent loss of blood from the body
is more common in men than in women
may cause anaemia by inhibiting the rate of multiplication of RBC stem cells
may cause large pale erythrocytes to appear in peripheral blood
anaemia should normally be treated by injections of iron
Severe reactions are likely after transfusion of blood group:
A to a group B person
O to a group AB person
O to a group A person
A to a group AB person
O Rh- negative to a group AB Rh-positive person
The haematocrit (packed cell volume):
may be obtained by centrifugation of blood donation
may be calculated by multiplying the mean cell volume by the red cell count
rises in a patient who sustains widespread burns
rises following vomiting
Red cell formation is increased:
in blood donors one week after a blood donation
in patients with haemolytic anaemia
by giving injections of erythropoietin to nephrectomized patients
in patients who have a raised blood reticulocyte count
Respiratory alkalosis differs from metabolic alkalosis in that the:
patient has hyperventilation
arterial blood [HCO3-] is normal or low
arterial blood pCO2 is reduced
reduction in cerebral blood flow is greater
Red blood cells would swell in which type of solution?
hypotonic
isotonic
hypertonic
hydrophilic
lipophilic
The most abundant type of protein in plasma is:
insulin
glycogen
The number of oxygen molecules carried by one Hb molecule:
1
2
4
8
3
Majority of clotting factors are produced in:
liver
kidney
heart
brain
muscle
Cellular immunity is due to:
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
erythrocytes
Action of plasmin is:
to remove calcium
antithrombin action
to stimulate heparin
to degenerate fibrin
to produce plug
Which is the most rare blood group:
A Rh+
AB Rh+
AB Rh-
B Rh-
O Rh+
Hematocrit of 45% means that in the sample of blood analysed:
45% Hb is in the plasma
45% of total blood volume is made up of plasma
45% of Hb is in the RBC
45% of the total blood volume is made up of RBC's and WBC's
45% of blood volume is made of Tr
Which of the following statements concerning the monocyte is incorrect:
more common in blood than eosinophils and basophils
produced in the adult by the bone marrow and lymph nodes
unlike neutrophil does not accumulate outside circulation in area of inflammation
not classified as a granulocyte
28% of differential blood count