Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
hush
bush
crush
brush
blush
Which spelling error is least likely to be detected?
Selter
Siller
Farn
Saller
Firn
The reason that the same set of ambiguous strokes is read "B" in one context and "13" in another context without awareness of the ambiguity is
making an interpretation in one context makes it difficult to make the same interpretation in another context
the structural description of the stroke pattern is different each time it is encountered
it is not possible to perceive both interpretations of an ambiguous visual pattern
letters are more salient for some people and numbers are more salient for other people
the context primes only one structural description
Priming may occur between
Two words similar in meaning that occur close together in time
Two words with the same initial consonant cluster that occur in the same context
Any two words that occur close together in time
Any two words that are spoken in the same voice
Any two words that are spoken in the same context
A human adaptation for language is
The location of the voice box
The speech processing area in the left temporal lobe
The speech production area in the left frontal lobe
The logogens for word recognition
All of the above
Animals that have a specialized area in the left hemisphere controlling vocalization include
some songbirds
other primates besides humans
other great apes besides human
some songbirds and primates (other than humans)
bonobo chimpanzees
The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
part of a meaningful utterance
is replaced with noise
is part of a word
all of the above
none of the above
When a speech segment matches more than one syllable representation, one is selected if
it can be combined with prior and subsequent representations matching other segments to form a word
it forms part of a word that can be combined with prior and subsequent words to form a grammatical sequence
it forms part of a grammatical sequence that can be combined with prior sequences to form a meaningful phrase
it forms part of a meaningful phrase that can be combined with subsequent phrases to form a meaningful utterance.
"Because of the hold, they later went for two" is difficult to understand because
ungrammatical
terse
it is syntactically complex
it lacks context
deictic.
In aphasia, one language function that is always impaired is
vocal volume
spoken and written sentence comprehension
spoken intonation
auditory threshold
pitch discrimination.
In the mobile recognition paradigm, the infant is connected to the mobile during
baseline
training
test
One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile or train that an infant has learned to move is
The age of the infant
The attractiveness of the study object
The communication skills of the infant
The time of day of the training session.
The sex of the infant
After two days of training, a 3-month-old infant trained to kick to move the training mobile will:
kick to any hanging object
kick to only the training mobile
kick to any swinging object
kick to move any similar mobile
kick to move any mobile
In which condition is the 3-month-old infant most likely to kick to a mobile during test
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile A on day 9
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 3, testing with mobile B on day 9
Training with mobile A on day 1 and testing with mobile A on day 5
Training with mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 2, testing with mobile 1 on day 9
Training with mobile A on days 1 and 2, testing with mobile A on day 14
When a more memorable event immediately occurs after a less memorable event:
The infant incorporates features of the more memorable event into the less memorable event, creating a false memory.
Retention of the more memorable event is somewhat reduced by association with the less memorable event
Retention of the each event is independent of the other
The infant forgets the less memorable event
The infant associates them and remembers the otherwise less memorable event longer
When an infant is reminded by being shown the target of an action
The older the infant, the longer the interval between the presentation of the target and the retrieval of the action.
The retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
At less than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
At greater than six months of age, the reminder is not yet effective
The mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
English is an unusual language in the relationship of its printed to spoken forms. Most languages have regular spelling rules and only require the letter-to-sound pathway to read. However, because English is an amalgam of Anglo-Saxon and French, its spelling rules are irregular. Which word is not processed by the letter-to-sound pathway?
come
home
dome
rome
Evidence that pronunciation of a word is automatically generated when it is seen comes from the fact that misspelled words that are homonyms of correctly spelled words take longer to detect. Which spelling error takes longest to be detected?
Navion
Nasion
Netion
Nution
Nition
Over a century ago, Cattell discovered semantic priming while measuring the threshold for word recognition. Cow will be read fastest when preceded by
apple
bird
snake
mammal
bug
The effect of context on the processing of ambiguous targets plays an important role on keeping people oriented to the task at hand. An ambiguous drawing of a rat or a face is seen as a rat in the context of other animals because
the animal context results in more superficial processing
other animals share more of the form features of the drawing
the other animals semantically prime the rat structural description
other animals induce a whole body rather than a facial interpretation of the drawing
it is not possible to construct a facial spatial description in the context of animals
What is true about early language learning?
Cooing consists of stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
Babbling consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears
Babbling begins with consonant-vowel-consonant combinations containing stop consonants, like /t/ and /d/
Babbling begins with random sequences like tadedoti.
Adult speech to infants often contains many simple consonants, like /m/, /b/, and /p/
The first aspect of language that an infant detects is:
The most common phoneme
The most common word
Its stress pattern
Its fundamental pitch
None of the above
Using words like camed and comed is a symptom of
autism
normal language learning
agrammatism
deep dyslexia
specific language impairment
Autistic children have impaired language development as the result of
poor hearing
poor speech and hearing
impaired social relations
attention deficit disorder
poor motor control
One measure that predicts subsequent vocabulary growth for 4-year-olds is
word recognition
question comprehension
nonword repetition
word recall
word repitition
A vocabulary surge occurs at
26 months
10 months
18 months
22 months
14 months
Over three million years ago, the human diverged from the line that produced chimpanzees and bonobos. Since then, humans have undergone several evolutionary changes that collectively have made human language possible. A human adaptation for language is:
the bilateral speech production areas in the left and right frontal lobes
the speech processing area in the left inferior colliculus
the speech processing area in the left parietal lobe
the location of the voice box
the shape of the auditory canal
For a long part of their history, professionals in the fields of speech science and linguistics were trained to hear and record accurately precisely the sounds that a speaker produced. However, this proved to be impossible. Since communication is the goal of speech, when a predictable speech sound is missing from the speech input, the brain of the listener just fills it in. The phonemic restoration effect occurs when the missing phoneme is:
replaced by silence
part of a nonspeech sound
Part of a word in a sentence
part of a nonsense word
does not change the meaning of the word
In conversation, understanding of the speaker's knowledge allows the speaker to leave some things unsaid. This is what makes text messaging possible. At some point in the future your own text messages will be incomprehensible to you. The reason that you don’t understand “College was impossible because he couldn't wait,” is
the syntax is too difficult
you lack the necessary contextual information
it is a novel sentence
it is ambiguous
it is a “garden path” sentence
Most cognitive functions are performed in equally by both hemispheres in all animals. There is one exception. The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
humans and chimpanzees
humans and orangutans
humans and monkeys
humans only
All great apes
Contrary to our intuitions, we do not hear speech as it is spoken, word for word, but at the end of each phrase, after a brief delay. The sound a small segment of a sentence is heard as may be influenced by
only the sound immediately before it
only the sounds immediately before and after it
only the sounds and meanings of the words before it
only the sounds before it and the meaning of the word it is part of
the sounds and meanings of the words before and after it
Family members may over-estimate an aphasic patient's language comprehension because the patient is able to understand non-linguistic cues. In aphasia, which ability may be normal?
Reading aloud
Reading silently
Writing to dictation
Writing requests and commands
Copying a line drawing
An example of a basic level category is:
Oak Tree
Hedge
Liquid
Tree
Plant
A typical category member of a perceptually-defined category
does not have any defining category features
looks like a lot of other category members
Is common
is present in many locales
has at least one unique feature
A four-year old sees John hide a candy in the blue box and Sam move it to the red box when John is away. When asked, the child will answer that when he returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
John; the red
John; the blue
Sam; the blue
Sam; either
John; Sam’s box
When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
humans were superior for verbal categories
after practice there was a sharp increase in performance for humans
humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
there was no difference for visual categories
both species made use of verbal rules
Infants both learn through their own actions and by observing the actions of others. Immediately after viewing one puppet pull the glove off of another, an infant discovers that by banging a large spoon on the tray on his high chair, he can make a loud banging sound, which he loves.
The infant will immediately forgot the puppet show.
The puppet will become a cue for the banging action and increase retention of it.
The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show but will not increase the retention interval for it.
This will have no effect on memory of the puppet show.
The spoon will become a cue for the puppet show and increase the retention interval for it.
An infant does not always have to repeat an action to increase the retention interval over which its result is remembered. When an infant is shown a reminder of an action:
the older the infant, the longer the interval before the action is retrieved
the puppet and train, but not the mobile, are effective reminders
he mobile and train, but not the puppet, are effective reminders
only the mobile is an effective reminder, but not the train or puppet
the retention interval for the reminder is nearly as long as for the original training
A single training session, a three-month-old infant forgets the training mobile in five days. So, a second training session is required for longer retention. Which 3-month-old infant was most likely to kick to mobile A on day 9?
Ed was trained on mobile A on day 1 and on day 2
Cal was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 6
Al was trained on mobile A on day 1 and day 3
Bob was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 8
Don was trained on mobile A on day 1 and mobile B on day 3
The factors that determine retention of the memory of an event for infants are the same as for adults. After learning to kick to move a training mobile, whether an infant kicks to move a test mobile is a function of:
the similarity between the training and test mobile
the similarity between the training and test crib liner
the similarity between the training and test crib
The best way to learn a phone number is
count to seven after you hear the phone number, then repeat it
repeat each digit as it is heard
repeat the entire string in reverse order as each digit is heard
repeat the entire phone number immediately after hearing the last digit
generate a visual image of each digit, as it is heard
The first time you heard your 9-digit student number and tried to write it down, which digits were you most likely to get wrong?
You would not get any wrong.
The last three.
There was an equal probability of getting each digit wrong.
The first three
The middle three
In an immediate recall task, increasing the speed of item presentation should have which effect?
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
Increased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list.
Increased distributed rehearsal of the middle of the study list.
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the beginning of the study list
Decreased distributed rehearsal of the end of the study list.
Which name on this list would be most memorable because of the Von Restorff Effect to someone unfamiliar with college football: Wisconsin, Nebraska, Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Purdue, Ohio, Maryland.
Maryland
Wisconsin
Nebraska
Purdue
Illinois
Infant vocalization of speech sounds begins with cooing and babbling. What is true about early language learning?
Cooing consists only of the sounds of the language the infant hears.
Babbling consists of the simple sounds of all languages.
Babbling begins with reduplications like mama and papa.
Each spoken language has one of three different stress patterns. Infants detect the stress pattern of the language spoken to them
As the first step towards segmenting the speech stream into words
As soon as they can pronounce a few words
as soon as they detect the fundamental pitch of the language
as soon as they detect the most frequent phonemes
as soon as they detect the most frequent words
The ability of a mother and child to focus on each other and an object at the same time is crucial to learning the names of things. There are several toys on the floor between the mother child. Which toy is the mother most likely to name?
the most colorful
the one closest to the child
the novel one
the most familiar
the largest
Over-generalization is characteristic of normal speech development and not a symptom of a disability. Because they generalize inflections across similar words, children sometimes say
goed
mealed
songed
dirted
speeched
Autism often emerges when an apparently normal infant begins to regress. Autistic children have
impaired social relations with all other people. The distinct behavioral characteristics ... include an inability to develop normal relations with people
poor object recognition
telegraphic speech
excellent singing ability
Four-year-old children must learn new words every day in order to have a vocabulary of sufficient size to learn sentence structure. An indication that a 4-year-old can encode the sounds of new words and hence is capable of rapid vocabulary growth is
good word recall
good word recognition
good question comprehension
good nonword repetition
good word repetition
You decide to learn the functions of various body parts by creating linking sentences that contain the name of each part and its function. Who can provide you with the most effective linking sentences for this task?
The course instructor
Yourself
An experimental psychologist studying learning
A clinical psychologist specializing in learning strategies
A professional mnemonist
Which list is easiest to learn?
Dog fox wolf tiger leopard puma moose antelope elk
Dog tiger moose fox leopard antelope wolf puma elk
Antelope dog elk fox leopard moose puma tiger wolf
Fox elk dog puma wolf moose tiger leopard antelope
all of the above are equally difficult because they have the same words
Which college team name is most memorable?
Chanticleer
Hokie
Crimson
Hoya
Tiger
Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
All lists were be learned equally well.
happy, brave, nice, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
dog, rock, wrench, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
happy, brave, nice, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
dog, rock, wrench, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
Naming pictures results in better memory for them than mentally imaging them
Naming words results in better memory for them than mentally imaging their referents
Pictures of objects and the words that name them are always remembered equally well
Words with imageable words are always remembered better than pictures
Both pictures and words are always better remembered when named than as the result of making mental images of them
In order to immediately encode large amounts of information, a mnemonist must:
have a large hippocampus
have a large striatum
an active amygdala
have a large frontal cortex
become practiced at using a mnemonic to encode the study material
Humans and rhesus monkeys sorted colored shapes into one of two artificial categories and were given feedback in order to learn them. When the category learning of humans versus rhesus monkeys was compared:
Humans were only superior to monkeys when the categories were verbally described by the experimenter
Both species made use of verbal rules regardless of how the categories were defined.
Humans showed the most improvement for the most complex categories
After an initial period of gradual improvement with practice, there was a sharp increase in performance for humans indicating that the human had a inferred a verbal rule describing the category.
There was no difference in performance because these were visual categories.
An example of a basic level category is
salmon
tuna
seafood
dolphin
fish
When an instance shares many features with most other category members, the instance is perceived as
distinctive
mundane
atypical
typical
familiar
A four-year old sees Mary hide a candy in the blue box and Sally move it to the red box when Mary is away. When asked, the child will answer that when she returns ___ will look for the candy in ___ box.
Mary; the red
Mary; the blue
Sally; the blue
Sally; either
Mary; Sally’s box
In the mobile recognition paradigm the infant is connected to the mobile during
Baseline
Test
Baseline and test
The retention interval
The retention interval over which an infant remembers a mobile or train she can move is influenced by
The training environment
Attractiveness of the mobile or train
The pointing skill of the infant
The verbal ability of the infant
As the result of the Von Restorff Effect, which name on the list Jami, Kerri, Loni, Meg, Randi, Tami, Toni, would be most memorable:
Randi, Tami and Toni, equally
Toni
Kerri
Meg
Jami
here have always been books with tips on how to remember things, written by individuals from a variety of backgrounds. One was co-written by Jerry Lucas, an all-star professional basketball player and notable mnemonist. One way to remember pairs of words is to create linking sentences for them. Who should you consult for the best linking sentences?
any fellow student
a psychology major
the wittiest person you know
an English major
no one
hammer, wrench, pliers, pencil, pen, paper, fork, spoon, knife
since all the lists contain the same words they would be equally easy to learn
hammer, pencil, fork, wrench, pen, spoon, pliers, paper, knife
pen, fork, knife, paper, spoon, hammer, pencil, pliers, wrench
fork, hammer, knife, paper, pen, pencil, pliers, spoon, wrench
Movie titles may be copyrighted, so that no one else can use the same title without permission. The movie "Lee Daniels' The Butler," was given this odd title to avoid infringing on the copyright of a 90 year old silent film called "The Butler." One characteristic that makes a title useful, hence valuable, is that it is easy to remember. Which movie title would be most memorable?
193MJW
Jersey Drive
Car-Jacking in Newark
Glizzle
Evil Speed
Both high imagery words and nameable pictures are easy to remember, especially if the most appropriate study strategy is used. What is true about learning high imagery words and nameable pictures?
Imaging their referents results in better memory for words than naming them
Words with imageable referents are always remembered better than pictures
an imagery task results in better memory for pictures than naming them
Sequence learning is difficult. When a sequence has more than nine items, thus exceeding the immediate memory span of most individuals, an error on the first repetition attempt is likely. Suppose that you read through your 16-digit credit card number once in preparation for typing it into a website. The digits in which positions are you must likely to get wrong?
First
4th through 12th
Fourteenth or Fifteenth
Second
Sixteenth
Psychologists were studying verbal learning for 60 years before they appreciated how important the characteristics of the words and the strategies of the students were in determining how much was remembered. Below are three items from a 15-item word list containing similar items. Which list will be best recalled?
Cat, gem, saw, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
Vague, well, odd, ... when using verbal rehearsal to learn the list
Vague, well, odd, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
Cat, gem, saw, ... when using visual imagery to learn the list
Some mnemonists are only good at remembering a specific kind of study material while the skills of other mnemonists are more general. A mnemonist's ability is based on part upon
an enlarged hippocampus
hyper-emotionality
a highly practiced mnemonic
autistic obsession with repetition
compensation for a deficit in some other cognitive ability
Early in the history of experimental psychology it was found that merely hearing something repeatedly was insufficient to learn it. Though a psychologist read the same passage to his young son every day, the son was not able to repeat it accurately. It is the habit system that makes possible the learning of a sequence, has of phone numbers, passwords, etc. The best way to learn a password is
have someone say it to you one character at a time and repeat each character as it is heard
have someone say it to you one character at a time and visualize each character as it is heard
count to seven after you hear it and then repeat it
repeat the entire sequence in reverse order as soon as you hear it
repeat the entire sequence as soon as you hear it
When the presentation rate of text is increased past normal speaking rate and even normal reading rate, comprehension remains good. However, there is an effect an learning. In an immediate recall task, decreasing the speed of item presentation should least affect which portion of the recall function?
Central Portion
Central Portion and Recency
Primacy and Recency
Primacy
Recency
Which spelling error is most likely to be detected?
Wark
Werk
Soller
Wurk
Wirk
Because language is processed in phrases, the perception of an ambiguous speech sound is influenced by:
Sounds before it and after it
The meanings of words before it
The meaning of words after it
A symptom of aphasia is an impairment in understanding:
Either spoken or written language, depending on the type
Written words and sentences
Spoken words only
Sentences while still understanding words
Both spoken and written language
Part of a meaningless utterance
Replaced with silence
Part of a word
Tulip is read fastest if preceded by:
Apple
Flower
Corn
The fireworks exploded as the scarecrow burned, is difficult to understand because
Lacks a causative verb
Lacks a clear reference
Is telegraphic
Has unusual vocabulary
Lacks contextual information
The left hemisphere is specialized for vocalization in:
Some songbirds
Mammals
All songbirds
Birds
Animals
Which word is not pronounced through the letter-to-sound pathway:
Slave
Save
Pave
All words are pronounced through the letter-to-sound pathway
Have
Spoken language only
To determine whether the infant remembers that she could move the mobile, her foot is not connected to the mobile during:
Baseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance
Training, to determine the effect of training
Test, to provide a post-training measure of performance
Only after the experiment is completed.
Both baseline, to provide a pre-training measure of performance, and test, to provide a post-training measure
One factor that influences retention of the memory of a mobile that an infant has learned to move is:
The length of the training sessions
The distributions of the training sessions
