Brianna Murphy
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A test for the Immunology section of NATS 1670.

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Brianna Murphy
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Immunology: Defense from Infectious Diseases

Pregunta 1 de 47

1

Immunology is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The study of our protection from and response to foreign invading organisms and altered host cells.

  • The study of organisms that are immune to all influence.

  • The study of hereditary differences in illnesses.

  • The study of our brain and the neurological impact of diseases on the human mind.

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 47

1

Research suggests that microbes in this area of the body activate the immune system to help the immune system proliferate.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Gut.

  • Liver.

  • Kidney

  • Esophagus.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 47

1

Even when a person is not sick, they still have viruses and bacteria inside them.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 47

1

An increase in the strength of the immune system is always a good thing.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 47

1

In the ideal balance of immune system and pathogens,

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The immune system and the pathogens are equally weighted.

  • The pathogens in the body outweigh the strength of the immune system.

  • The strength of the immune system outweighs the pathogens in the body.

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 47

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

The immune system is a three-tiered system. The first is ( intrinsic/physiological barriers, innate immunity response, acquired immunity ). The second is the ( innate immunity response, intrinsic/physiological barriers, acquired immunity ). Lastly, the body relies on ( acquired immunity, intrinsic/physiological barriers, innate immunity response ).

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 47

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

Consider the following differences between immunity responses.
Speed (how long does it take to respond?)
Innate: ( Immediate/hours., A few days. )
Adaptive: ( A few days., Immediate/hours. )
Immunological Memory (does it remember viruses it has already faced?)
Innate: ( Does not possess., Can remember viruses. )
Adaptive: ( Can remember viruses., Does not possess. )
Specificity (What viruses will it deal with?)
Innate: ( One cell recognizes many pathogens., One cell recognizes one pathogen. )
Adaptive: ( One cell recognizes one pathogen., One cell recognizes many pathogens. )

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 47

1

Match the description to the proper disease or condition.

- A disease caused by too much proliferation of bacteria already inside us.
- A virulent strain of a virus commonly found in the human body.
- Causes a reduction in the immune system.
- When the immune system loses sensitivity between host cells and foreign cells, and so attacks the body.
- When the immune system triggers violently against a disease, causing inflammation throughout the body.
- A immune system reaction to disease that, in the lungs, can lead to a potentially lethal excess of liquids.
- a virus most common in youths that uses the low pH of the stomach to its advantage.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Impetigo
    E Coli 0157
    HIV
    Autoimmune disease
    Sepsis
    Cytokine storm
    Rotavirus

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 47

1

Streptococcus, a disease in the throat, can be confirmed with the using the following antibody function:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Neutralization.

  • Agglutination.

  • Precipitation.

  • Complement Activation.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 47

1

Vaccinations help the immune system by enhancing this portion of immunity:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Innate immunity.

  • Adaptive immunity.

  • Intrinsic/physiological barriers.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 47

1

There are multiple functions of antibodies that allow them to deal with foreign cells.
is the process wherein Ab 'neutralizes' toxins by binding to them so they cannot activate.
creates a complex of cells.
involves creating complexes of free molecules.
occurs when antibodies bind to antigens and create a hole in them.
involves antibodies binding to the pathogen, inciting macrophages to surround and destroy them.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Opsonization
    Complement activation
    Precipitation
    Agglutination
    Neutralization

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 47

1

Antigens are produced by plasma in response to a pathogen and can respond specifically to that pathogen.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 47

1

An antibody is comprised of the following parts:
(check all that apply)

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A hydrophobic tail.

  • Two arms for binding to antigens.

  • An FC receptor.

  • An AG receptor.

  • A hydrophilic head.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 47

1

In neutralization, A-B toxins have an active, virulent part and a binding part. To prevent these toxins from doing damage, the antibodies:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Bind to the binding part, preventing it from binding to host cells.

  • Attaching to the virulent part and monitoring its actions so it can signal microphages if the virus attaches to a host.

  • Surrounding the virulent part and breaking it off from the binding receptor.

  • Attacking the binding port, destroying it so the toxin cannot attach to host cells.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 47

1

Approximately how many cells do we have specific to each antigen when not infected?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 10^6.

  • 5-10.

  • 1.

  • ~1000.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 47

1

In response to our body not having enough cells to fend off all diseases at all times, we use a process called Clonal Selection. In Clonal Selection,

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Antigen-specific cells multiply only when they come in contact with their antigen.

  • Upon the entrance of a foreign entity to the body, all antibodies begin cloning themselves.

  • Antibodies attach to antigens and prevent them from cloning themselves.

  • The entire human body clones itself, abandoning its previous, diseased form for a newer, healthier body.

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 47

1

When dealing with streptococcus in the throat, the immune system will create many antibodies. These antibodies can cause a problem after the infection in an autoimmune disease called Rheumatic fever, which targets:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The heart.

  • The liver.

  • The kidney.

  • The brain.

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 47

1

Comparatively to the first exposure of a pathogen, the secondary immune response is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Stronger.

  • Weaker.

  • The same.

  • Extremely dangerous for the body.

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 47

1

Selecciona la opción correcta de los menús desplegables para completar el texto.

In the lymph node, naïve B cells produce two different types of cells when they encounter an antigen. The ( plasma cells, memory cells, naïve B cells, antibody cells ) produced excrete antibodies to deal with the infection. The ( memory cells, rememberos, plasma cells, super-immunity cells ) produced last for a long time, and prepare the body should it be re-infected with the same pathogen.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 47

1

The body has two cellular events in response to antigens. In the primary reponse, the cells produced are cells. In the secondary response, the cells produced are cells.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    IgM
    strong
    antigen
    IgG
    long
    EgG

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 47

1

Order the steps in the antibody production process.

In response to the antigen protein, the naïve B cell begins reproducing, creating IgM plasma cells and memory cells.
IgG memory cells remain in the body, preparing the body for a second infection.
Proteins on the surface of the pathogen enter the lymphatic system.
Proteins from the surface of the antigen enter the lymph nodes.
Plasma cells excrete antibodies to deal with the antigen.
The proteins encounter a naïve B cell that reacts to them.
As antibodies deal with the infection, some cells mutate into IgG cells.
The body is infected with a disease, and pathogens enter the system.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    5.
    8.
    2.
    3.
    6.
    4.
    7.
    1.

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 47

1

A large concentration of B cells are housed:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • In the bloodstream.

  • In the lymph nodes.

  • In the gut.

  • In the prefrontal cortex.

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 47

1

In passive immunization, the body's antibody concentration:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Is highest right after injection.

  • Is highest one year after injection.

  • remains stable over time.

  • increases over time.

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 47

1

Taking the bus, what type of immunity are you most likely to get?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Passive, Natural.

  • Passive, Artificial.

  • Active, Natural.

  • Active, Artificial.

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 47

1

Serum is a term for:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Blood cells.

  • Plasma.

  • Infection.

  • Immunization.

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 47

1

Vaccines work by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Injecting the body with thousands of antibodies.

  • Triggering passive immunity.

  • Triggering active immunity by use of antigens, stimulating the body to defend itself.

  • Wrapping around the body's cells, protecting them from infection.

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 47

1

In passive immunization, B Cells produce memory cells to protect the body from future infection.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 47

1

Variolation is an inoculation for small pox that originated from China in approximately ~2000 BC. This was done by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Collecting small-pox patients in the same room.

  • Sniffing smallpox crust.

  • Using parts of the pathogen in foods to boost immunity.

  • Massaging smallpox cream on the skin.

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 47

1

In 1796, Edward Jenner was looking at smallpox as a disease. To do so, he observed this group of people, who were frequently immune to smallpox.

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Milkmaids.

  • Orphans.

  • Aristocrats.

  • Florists.

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 47

1

The vaccine for Rota Virus was taken out of the market after a brief period of time because the vaccine was assumed to occasionally cause:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Intussusception, wherein the intestine folds into itself.

  • Polio, which can cause paralysis.

  • Pertussis, or whooping cough.

  • Mumps, a condition that causes bumps on the skin.

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 47

1

Match the viruses to the years their vaccines were created.

1796:
1855:
1920:
1930:
1950:
1960:
1990:
2000:

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Smallpox
    Rabies
    Diptheria, Tetanus
    Pertussis
    Polio
    Mumps, measles, rubella virus
    Hepatitis B
    Rota virus, HPV

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 47

1

Herd immunity is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Vaccination in a portion of the population providing protection to unprotected individuals.

  • A specific type of immunity seen in herd animals, specifically buffalo.

  • Fewer people being immunized than unimmunized.

  • A type of immune response generated by herds of sick people gathering together.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 47

1

People refusing to vaccinate their children is a major problem in the development of herd immunity.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 47

1

In terms of attenuated organisms, 'live' means:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • With an ability to replicate host cells.

  • The common state of being of a virus.

  • Unicellular.

  • Possessing a nucleus.

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 47

1

Attenuation of a virus is a process in which:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Viruses are forced to adapt into less virulent forms, making them less dangerous for humans.

  • The virus is neutralized.

  • The virus is strengthened through concentration in one species.

  • The virus is pitted against other viruses, where they combat in a battle-royale-esque scenario until only the strongest virus is left alive.

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 47

1

A common host when attenuating viruses for humans is:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Chicken eggs.

  • Bats.

  • Babies.

  • Rats.

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 47

1

Varicella zoster is another name for this infection:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Shingles.

  • HIV.

  • Polio.

  • Pertussis.

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 47

1

A danger with live attenuated vaccines is called back mutation. These are:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The virus reverting back to a more virulent form.

  • The virus occasionally eating through the back of your cells, destroying them.

  • The attenuated virus acting as back-up and exacerbating a different disease.

  • The virus backing out of the regular part of the system that it usually affects and focusing on a new, less prepared area in the body.

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 47

1

Kill vaccines work by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Eliminating viral ability to replicate and infectivity without compromising antigenicity.

  • Dissolving the entire virus, taking apart the shell and chemically destroying the nucleus.

  • Chemically activating with the shell, opening it up for the immune system to deal with the inside.

  • Killing the body's cells so the virus has nothing to do.

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 47

1

In more recent years, small fragment vaccines have been created through cloning using yeast/bacterial cells to make proteins. In the past, proteins were gathered by:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Extracting the blood plasma of of patients.

  • Removing and de-shelling viruses from patients.

  • Eating specific, protein-rich foods.

  • Eating bats.

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 47

1

Which are types of artificial vaccination strategies? (Check all that apply)

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Attenuated organisms.

  • Taking the bus.

  • Kill/subunit organisms.

  • Small fragments (virus fractionation)

  • Injection of the virus in its pure form.

  • Bacterial Exotoxins.

  • Bacteriophage injection.

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 47

1

Match the type of vaccination to its process:

- 'weakened down' forms of disease that are less dangerous for humans, and replicate.
- Vaccines that inactivate the viruses by destroying the insides of them, leaving the shell.
- Purified subunit vaccines created from fractionation of the original disease.
- Destroys the active side of A-B toxins, creating toxoids - inactive toxins with binding ports.

Arrastra y suelta para completar el texto.

    Live attenuated vaccines
    Kill vaccines
    Small Fragments
    Bacterial Exotoxins

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 47

1

Placental transfer can give us IgG cells, and breastfeeding can give us IgA cells. These types of immunization are examples of:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Passive, natural immunization.

  • Passive, artificial immunization.

  • Active, natural immunization.

  • Active, artificial immunization.

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 47

1

For greatest levels of immunity 5 years into the future, you would want active instead of passive acquired immunity.

Selecciona uno de los siguientes:

  • VERDADERO
  • FALSO

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 47

1

Botulism is dangerous for the body in moderate quantities, and is extremely dangerous for infants. This said, it still has uses. In small doses, botulism is used in botox. This is because:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Botulism releases muscles, alleviating wrinkles.

  • Botulism constricts muscles, firming skin.

  • Botulism has numbing qualities that prevent pain in the process.

  • Botulism reinvigorates cells.

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 47

1

If on a camping trip someone was to be bitten by a bat with rabies, these are the steps that should be taken to care for the injury: (check all that apply)

Selecciona una o más de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Licking the wound clean.

  • Washing the wound with soap and water.

  • Rubbing alcohol over the wound.

  • Getting treated with antibodies against rabies as soon as possible.

  • Rubbing grass in the wound.

  • Apply a tourniquet and amputate as soon as possible.

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 47

1

When a baby is at risk getting Hepatitis B from their mother, the CDC recommends applying H-BIG (passively delivered antibody) and three doses of the Hep B vaccine at 0 months, 1-2 months and 6 months. When given this treatment, this many kids are Hepatitis B-free for life:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • 19/20 kids.

  • 99/100 kids.

  • 1/2 kids.

  • 1/20 kids.

Explicación

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