The time a person takes to interpret a symptom as a sign of illness is called _____.
treatment delay
appraisal delay
illness delay
utilization delay
Nicotine, the addictive substance in cigarettes, is an agonist for the ____ receptor.
acetylcholine
beta-endorphin
cortisol
dopamine
opioid
A main dietary contributor to atherosclerosis is _____.
salt
caffeine
cholesterol
monosodium glutamate (MSG)
Which of the following statements about outpatient services is TRUE?
Outpatient services have had no effect on nursing home admissions.
Technological advances have made outpatient services a possibility for more patients.
Their use has been declining in recent years.
Outpatient services are much more expensive than inpatient services due to their technology-intensive nature.
Delirium tremens is a collection of symptoms that results when a person withdraws from _____.
opiates
alcohol
hallucinogens
benzodiazepines
Perhaps the most important medical benefit of a more patient-centered approach in doctor style is _____.
greater patient understanding
increased likelihood of healing
greater amount of diagnostic information
decreased appointment cancellations
Which sensory fibers are NOT involved in the transmission of nociceptive information?
A-beta (Aβ) fibers
A-delta (Aδ) fibers
C fibers
B & C
A, B & C
Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is currently thought to be _____.
a form of malingering
a real neurologically based condition
an example of hypochondriasis
a type of factitious disorder
Ibuprofen, aspirin, and naproxen are _____.
local anesthetics
exogenous prostaglandins
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
opioid-receptor agonists
serotonin-receptor agonists
Long term consequences of heavy drinking include all of the following health problems EXCEPT _____.
cancer of the liver
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
cardiovascular disease
asthma
C & D
The body’s response to the intake of a psychoactive drug that takes the form of enhanced activity of drug-degrading enzymes in the liver is a mechanism underlying _____ to that drug.
psychological dependence
addiction liability
tolerance
sensitization
reverse tolerance
Which statement describes how stress can influence the experience of pain?
Stress can lead people to engage in behaviors, such as tensing their muscles, which, in turn, cause pain.
High levels of stress can cause people to stop taking care of themselves (e.g., they over-eat and exercise less).
Stress can lead directly to physiological problems, such as the dilation of arteries surrounding the brain and tension in the muscles in the head, neck and shoulders, which can lead to headaches.
Efforts aimed at convincing people to use seatbelts, wear condoms, and floss regularly are examples of _____.
primary prevention
secondary prevention
tertiary prevention
quaternary prevention
Neurotransmitters like _____ directly decrease the experience of pain; neurotransmitters like _____ directly increase the experience of pain.
substance P; norepinephrine
endorphin; encephalin
norepinephrine; dynorphin
enkephalin; substance P
According to the theory of planned behavior (action), the key determinant of people’s behavior is _____.
self-efficacy
intention
social norms
perceived behavioral control
The intrinsic nociception system can be best described as _____.
unconnected to the intrinsic pain system
cyclical
ascending
descending
Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
cardiac rehabilitation for someone who recently has had a heart attack
regular dental checkups for children with healthy teeth
going to the doctor when you have a sore throat
being in a monogamous sexual relationship
In operant conditioning, the association that is learned is between the _____ & the _____.
conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
conditioned response; unconditioned response
behavior; consequence
According to the textbook, which of the following would significantly increase health in diverse populations?
reducing poverty
creating information approaches to reach populations with low literacy rates
making health-promotion services culturally sensitive
The _____ is a specialized receptor that provides information about tissue damage.
nociceptor
somatosensory homunculus
substantia gelatinosa
C-afferent fiber
Which of the following drugs can be classified as a stimulant?
cocaine
benzodiazepine
A & B
After trying several prescription painkillers without success, Kulap drinks coffee to lessen her migraine pain. She finds that it is surprisingly effective, and this fact greatly increases the likelihood that she will drink coffee in the future when she suffers from migraines. Here, drinking coffee to remove migraine pain has been _____.
negatively reinforced
negatively punished
positively reinforced
positively punished
What happens when leptin is released into the bloodstream?
hunger increases
hunger decreases
metastasis increases
metastasis decreases
The fact that pain relief produced by a placebo can be reversed by naloxone indicates that _____.
expectation can increase the activity of exogenous opioids
expectation can increase the activity of endogenous opioids
expectation can block the synthesis of prostaglandins
the placebo effect has no physiological basis
Which is TRUE of the blood-brain barrier?
It is a protective device for the blood.
It is a protective device for the brain.
It is formed by tight gap junctions between the endothelial cell walls of capillaries that serve the brain.
Hyperalgesia is a _____.
state of reduced sensitivity to pain
state of enhanced sensitivity to pain
somatoform disorder
factitious disorder
Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are given low nicotine cigarettes, they _____.
smoke about the same number of cigarettes as when smoking cigarettes with normal nicotine levels
smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake
smoke less because low tar cigarettes taste awful
are likely to stop smoking after a short period of time
Amenorrhea refers to _____.
body-image distortion
the cessation of normal menstrual cycling
extremely painful cramping during menstruation
the presence of more than two menstrual cycles per month
extremely low body weight (< 85% of expected body weight)
Which of the following statements is true regarding sex differences in alcohol consumption?
Men drink more than women but only in adolescence.
Men drink more than women during adolescence but women drink more during adult life.
Men drink more than women throughout the lifespan.
Women drink more than men but only in adolescence.
Morphine is to opioid receptor as _____ is to cannabinoid receptor.
amphetamine
nicotine
THC
Research on sex and health has shown that women _____.
tend to get more exercise than men
use medical services less than men (excluding pregnancies)
tend to live longer than men
have fewer health problems than men
Pain is a _____; nociception is a _____.
sensation; perception
perception; sensation
sensation; sensation
perception; perception
The chief advantage of a health care system organized into specialties is _____.
good patient-doctor communication
lower expense
patients receive the best expertise for each aspect of each medical problem
faster delivery of services
What brain structure contains the somatosensory homunculus (used in the perception of pain)?
periaqueductal gray matter
hypothalamus
cerebellum
thalamus
neocortex
Making believe one is ill to benefit from sick role behavior is known as _____.
hypochondriasis
malingering
chronic fatigue syndrome
pain conversion disorder
Which part of the stress response is associated directly with analgesia production?
noradrenaline release
adrenaline release
cortisol release
opioid release
Which of the following drugs acts directly to block the conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons that carry nociceptive information?
morphine & heroin
aspirin & acetaminophen
novocaine & lidocaine
antidepressants & tranquilizers
Which of the following health problems is associated with obesity?
certain types of cancer
hypertension
kidney disease
diabetes type II
A, B, C & D
Which is TRUE of individuals with bulimia nervosa?
They are emaciated & lack energy.
They are picky eaters & seem to be on a diet at all times.
At meals, they engage in obsessive behaviors such as counting the number of chews.
Because they appear to have a normal appetite (in public) and maintain normal body weight, they are hard to identify.
The process in which the body requires increasingly large doses of a drug to achieve the same effect is best described as _____.
withdrawal
dependence
addiction
Antabuse (i.e., disulfiram) is a(n) ______ used to treat alcohol abuse and dependence.
opioid-receptor agonist
opioid-receptor antagonist
anxiolytic
nausea-inducing drug
detoxification agent
Which method of pain reduction is a form of counter-irritation?
hypnosis
biofeedback
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Research on HMOs and conventional private practice health care has shown that _____.
patients using HMOs face major obstacles getting the treatment they need
private practice patients have more illnesses
private practice care is superior
HMOs provide superior care
Two people, one obese and the other normal weight, are at a dinner party where some very bad tasting food has just been served. According to the Internal-External Hypothesis, who is likely to eat more?
The obese person will eat more.
The normal weight person will eat more.
They will eat the same amount of food.
The Internal-External Hypothesis does not suggest an answer to this question.
The correlation between education level and cigarette smoking is _____.
non-linear
an inverted U-shaped function
positive (direct)
negative (inverse)
Iatrogenic conditions are _____.
congenital heart defects
somatoform disorder types
present only if practitioners make mistakes
health problems that result from medical treatment
In _____, a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates symptoms in another person who is under his or her care.
factitious disorder by proxy
Which is NOT a component of the health belief model?
punishment
susceptibility
severity
benefits
Hypochondriacs are people who tend to _____.
recognize real symptoms of illness
make up or feign bodily sensations
associate real but benign bodily sensations with illness
neglect to use the health care system
Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are frequently associated with _____.
chronic recurrent pain
chronic progressive pain
chronic intractable pain
chronic benign pain
Which of the following is true about fat cells?
Fat cell number increases mainly in childhood and adolescence.
Fat cell number can increase but not decrease.
Fat cell number is related to the body's set point.
The theory of pain proposed by Melzack & Wall is the _____ theory.
pattern
gate control
specificity
tension-reduction
What is the primary characteristic of anorexia nervosa?
self-induced vomiting
ingestion of non-nutrient substances
repeated episodes of binge eating
refusal to maintain a minimally normal body weight
Different patients describe symptoms for the same health problem differently because _____.
they differ in the attention they pay to internal states
they may emphasize a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
they may downplay a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
Electrical stimulation of the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) of the midbrain induces _____.
analgesia
hyperalgesia
pain
referred pain
Which age group is most likely to use health services?
the very young
the middle aged
the elderly
A & C
The BMIs of identical twins are much more similar than the BMIs of same-sex fraternal twins. This finding indicates a role for _____ in weight.
environment
genes
culturally determined eating habits
exercise level
age
Which of the following is an algogenic substance?
endorphin
prozac
valium
prostaglandin
ibuprofen
Simple sugars are to _____ as amino acids are to _____:
vitamins; minerals
carbohydrates; proteins
fats; vitamins
proteins; fiber
Alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines are similar in that they _____.
induce an up-regulation (i.e., increase the number) of norepinephrine receptors in the forebrain
change the re-uptake of serotonin into the presynaptic cell
modify activity at a subtype of the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor
alter the enzymatic degradation of dopamine in the synaptic cleft
According to the World Health Association, cigarette smoking in _____ is more likely in men than in women.
Southeast Asia
Europe
Africa
Which of the following is way that psychoactive drugs can alter behavior by changing nervous system activity?
alter the synthesis of a neurotransmitter
alter the storage of a neurotransmitter
alter the release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
alter the termination of a neurotransmitter-induced postsynaptic effect
