Which route of administration allows a drug to reach the biophase most rapidly?
a. oral
b. intramuscular
c. intraperitoneal
d. intravenous
e. intracerebrospinal
According to the DSM-5 (2013), which of the following is a way in which impaired control necessary for the diagnosis of substance use disorder can be manifested?
a. using the substance for longer periods of time than intended, or using larger amounts than intended
b. wanting to reduce use of the substance, yet being unsuccessful in doing so
c. continuing to use the substance despite problems with work, school or family/social obligations
d. repeatedly using the substance in physically dangerous situations
e. a & b
Which statement describes how stress can influence the experience of pain?
a. Stress can lead people to engage in behaviors, such as tensing their muscles, which, in turn, cause pain.
b. High levels of stress can cause people to stop taking care of themselves (e.g., they over-eat and exercise less).
c. Stress can lead directly to physiological problems, such as the dilation of arteries surrounding the brain and tension in the muscles in the head, neck and shoulders, which can lead to headaches.
d. a, b & c
The intrinsic nociception system can be best described as _____.
a. unconnected to the intrinsic pain system
b. cyclical
c. ascending
d. descending
e. allostatic
Neurotransmitters like _____ directly decrease the experience of pain; neurotransmitters like _____ directly increase the experience of pain.
a. norepinephrine; dynorphin
b. enkephalin; substance P
c. substance P; norepinephrine
d. endorphin; encephalin
e. heroin; substance P
Which of the following statements about outpatient services is TRUE?
a. Their use has been declining in recent years.
b. Outpatient services are much more expensive than inpatient services due to their technology-intensive nature.
c. Outpatient services have had no effect on nursing home admissions.
d. Technological advances have made outpatient services a possibility for more patients.
Iatrogenic conditions are _____.
a. health problems that result from medical treatment
b. present only if practitioners make mistakes
c. changes in health brought about solely by patient expectation
d. somatoform disorder types
The best and most comprehensive definition of a psychoactive drug is a _____.
a. placebo pill used in psychopharmacological research
b. chemical substance that alters emotion, cognition & behavior
c. drug that prevents memory loss in patients with neurological disorders
d. drug that causes speech impediments & postural abnormalities
e. biological manipulation that alters maladaptive thought patterns
Which of the following is considered to be a source of complete protein?
a. poultry
b. seafood
c. soy
d. spirulina
e. a, b, c & d
Which of the following OPENS the gating mechanism according to the gate control pain theory?
a. anxiety
b. optimism
c. happiness
d. distraction
e. b, c & d
Weightlifting is a form of _____ exercise.
a. isotonic
b. isometric
c. isokinetic
d. isobaric
Adults are classified as obese when their BMI exceeds _____.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 25
d. 30
The theory that the body has a certain weight that it strives to maintain is called _____.
a. set-point theory
b. restraint theory
c. equilibrium theory
d. maintenance theory
According to the DSM-5 (2013), which of the following is NOT a form of substance use disorder?
a. alcohol
b. tobacco
c. caffeine
d. b & c
e. a, b & c
The self-reported experiences of patients of health-maintenance organizations – compared to fee-for-service patients – are that they _____.
a. have more trouble getting in to see doctor when they are ill
b. are less likely to be admitted to a hospital and more likely to leave the hospital sooner
c. undergo more preventive exams/procedures
d. are less satisfied with care but more satisfied with cost
According to the lecture, pain is a _____; analgesia is a _____.
a. sensation; perception
b. perception; sensation
c. sensation; sensation
d. perception; perception
Which of the following drugs can be classified as a stimulant?
a. cocaine
b. caffeine
c. benzodiazepine
d. a & b
The correlation between income level and cigarette smoking is _____.
a. positive (indirect)
b. negative (direct)
c. non-linear
d. an inverted U-shaped function
Recent research with animals has shown that reducing caloric intake by 30% _____.
a. decreases metabolism
b. slows aging
c. increases longevity
Heavy drinking has been linked to all of the following health problems EXCEPT _____.
a. cancer
b. cirrhosis
c. bronchitis
d. neurological disorder
e. cardiovascular disease
Which of the following is an opioid-receptor agonist?
a. morphine
b. heroin
c. naltrexone
d. THC
Which is TRUE of the blood-brain barrier?
a. It protects the blood from harmful chemicals.
b. It protects the brain from harmful chemicals.
c. It is formed by loose gap junctions between the endothelial cell walls of capillaries that serve the brain.
Researchers have found that when habitual smokers are given low nicotine cigarettes, they _____.
a. smoke more to maintain their nicotine intake
b. smoke about the same number of cigarettes as when smoking cigarettes with normal nicotine levels
c. smoke less because low tar cigarettes taste awful
d. are likely to stop smoking after a short period of time
Which of the following statements is true regarding sex differences in alcohol consumption?
a. Men drink more than women but only in adolescence.
b. Men drink more than women during adolescence but women drink more during adult life.
c. Men drink more than women throughout the lifespan.
d. Women drink more than men but only in adolescence.
Nicotine is to acetylcholine receptor as _____ is to cannabinoid receptor.
b. THC
c. alcohol
d. amphetamine
e. benzodiazepine
Research on sex and health has shown that women _____.
a. tend to live longer than do men
b. have fewer health problems than do men
c. tend to get more exercise than do men
d. use medical services less than do men (excluding pregnancies)
Cholesterol level in the blood is influenced by _____.
a. diet
b. heredity
c. smoking
Which is true of acute pain?
a. It typically lasts less than 6 months.
b. It is usually linked to hyperalgesia.
c. It can be reduced by exposure to noxious stimuli.
d. It is associated with psychogenic, rather than biogenic pain.
Mu, delta, and kappa are types of _____.
a. clinical pain syndromes
b. endogenous opioids
c. exogenous opioids
d. opioid-receptor types
The chief advantage of a health care system organized into specialties is _____.
a. good patient doctor communication
b. patients receive the best expertise for each aspect of each medical problem
c. lower expense
d. faster delivery of services
Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is a neurological disorder that is usually secondary to chronic _____ use.
b. nicotine
c. heroin
d. cocaine
Perhaps the most important benefit of a more patient-centered approach in doctor style is _____.
a. decreased medical costs
b. increased likelihood of healing
c. greater amount of diagnostic information
d. decreased number of appointment cancellations
The process in which the body requires increasingly larger doses of a drug (with continued usage) to achieve the same effect is best described as _____.
a. tolerance
b. withdrawal
c. risky use
d. social impairment
Obesity is often associated with _____.
a. fat cell hyperplasia
b. fat cell hypertrophy
c. hyperinsulinemia
What is one of the major problems with using Antabuse as part of a treatment program to get people to stop drinking?
a. It doesn’t work on most people.
b. It’s cruel to make people nauseous.
c. It’s difficult to get people to take it consistently.
d. It substitutes one addiction for another.
In _____, a person deliberately produces, feigns, or exaggerates symptoms in another person who is under his or her care.
a. hypochondriasis
b. somatoform disorder
c. factitious disorder by proxy
d. malingering
Which of the following drugs acts directly to block the conduction of action potentials in sensory neurons that carry nociceptive information?
a. aspirin
b. morphine
c. novocaine
d. acetaminophen
e. cannabis
Which sensory fibers are NOT involved in the transmission of nociceptive information?
a. A-beta (Aβ) fibers
b. A-delta (Aδ) fibers
c. C fibers
Chronic pain syndrome (CPS) is currently thought to be _____.
a. an example of hypochondriasis
b. a type of factitious disorder
c. a form of malingering
d. a real neurologically based condition
The time between the recognition that one is ill and when medical care is sought is known as _____.
a. appraisal delay
b. utilization delay
c. illness delay
d. behavioral delay
Parents can help their children from becoming overly heavy by _____.
a. encouraging regular exercise and discouraging television watching
b. monitoring their children’s BMI
c. controlling the types of food that are present in the home
When someone’s expectations lead to a negative effect (e.g., the perception of side effects from a medication) it is known as _____.
a. the placebo effect
b. the nocebo effect
c. a somatoform disorder
d. a pain conversion disorder
e. malingering
Which of the following amino acids is considered to be essential for humans?
a. phenylalanine
b. tryptophan
c. lysine
Which of the following is an adiposity signal?
a. leptin
b. insulin
c. endorphin
Which sensory fibers convey information about slow pain (i.e., pain that is described as dull, burning, aching and long lasting)?
Which individual is most likely to notice internal sensations such as pain?
a. an Olympic athlete sprinting for the finish
b. a police officer in pursuit of a felon
c. a person alone at home reading a boring textbook
d. a, b & c will notice internal sensations equally
The direct action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs) like aspirin is to _____.
a. increase endogenous opioid levels
b. decrease exogenous opioid levels
c. increase prostaglandin levels
d. decrease prostaglandin levels
Direct application of morphine to the periaqueductal gray area (PAG) of the midbrain induces _____.
a. pain
b. referred pain
c. analgesia
d. hyperalgesia
Which of the following is a somatoform disorder?
b. tension-type headache
c. endometriosis
d. asthma
Different patients describe symptoms for the same health problem differently because _____.
a. they differ in the attention they pay to internal states
b. they may emphasize a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
c. they may downplay a symptom that they believe reflects serious illness
Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are frequently associated with _____.
a. chronic recurrent pain
b. chronic progressive pain
c. chronic intractable pain
d. chronic benign pain
Which of the following is a self-report method of pain assessment?
a. electromyograph
b. electroencephalograph
c. UAB Pain Behavior Scale
d. McGill Pain Questionnaire
According to gate control theory, the induction of pain is determined by the balance of activity
a. sensory & motor neurons
b. mu & delta & kappa sites
c. opioid & non-opioid receptors
d. pain-transmitting & non-pain-transmitting afferent fibers
According to the World Health Organization, the largest gender gap in cigarette smoking is in _____.
a. Africa
b. Southeast Asia
c. Europe
d. the United States
Which age group is most likely to visit a physician for chronic disease treatment?
a. the elderly
b. adults of all ages
c. children
d. infants
Which is true of the somatosensory homunculus?
a. It is a map of the body in the brain.
b. The map is distorted in that areas that are more sensitive in the body are allocated more room in the brain.
c. The map is located in the periaqueductal gray.
Simple sugars are to _____ as amino acids are to _____.
a. carbohydrates; proteins
b. fats; vitamins
c. proteins; fiber
d. vitamins; minerals
Which of the following is a criterion for anorexia nervosa according to the DSM-5 (2013)?
a. persistent restriction of energy intake leading to significantly low body weight
b. intense fear of gaining weight/becoming fat or persistent behavior that interferes with weight gain
c. recurrent episodes of binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behavior
Life-threatening symptoms are most likely to occur when a person withdraws from _____.
a. heroin
b. alcohol
c. benzodiazepines
e. LSD
Which of the following produces an effect that is opposite to that induced by an analgesic substance?
a. soporific substance
b. algogenic substance
c. anxiolytic substance
d. psychedelic substance
