Luke's study questions

Which of the following words might a prescriptivist use?

-Inappropriate
-Grammatical
-Bad
-Informal

If you look at how language changes over time, you are taking a

-Syntagmatic perspective
- Diachronic perspective
-Progressive perspective
-Synchronic perspective

Which of the following statements is/are true about this picture?

(picture of green street light without Ampelmännchen)

-It is a symbolic sign
-It is not a true sign
-It is a combination of a symbol and an icon
-The meaning can be inferred by the form

How may the word <bag> be transcribed in broad transcription?

/ba:g/
[bæg]
/bæg/
[bag]

Which of the following are areas of phonetics?

Articulatory phonetics
Auditory phonetics
Aspiratory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics

Which of the following describe(s) a place of articulation?

Nasal
Alveolar
Palato-dental
Liquid

Which of the following words contain(s) a fricative?

Alpha
Changing
Measure
Leather

Which of the following statements applies/apply to phonology?

It is the study of the human sound system

The basic unit is the phoneme

It is concerned with the function of specific sounds

It deals with the concrete realisation of sounds

Which of the following words contain(s) a dark [ɫ]?

Fold
Leopard
Hall
Follow

Which of the following sounds is/are mid vowels?

[ə]
[ɔː]
[ʌ]
[ɜː]

Which of the following statements is/are true for phones?

They represent abstract categories

They are the smallest meaning-distinguishing units of a language

They are the concrete realisations of phonemes

You transcribe them using square brackets

Which of the following statements is/are true? Phonotactics...

- is a set of universal rules about sound relationships

-is concerned with how syllables interact

-comprises a set of restraints regarding consonant clusters

-deals with how phonemes are realised

Which of the following words contain(s) a grammatical morpheme?

Registration
-Devastated
-Mice
Preownership

Which of the following statements is/are true about syllables?

-Only vowels and diphthongs can form the nucleus

-Open syllables mean the onset is empty

-There cannot be two consecutive open syllables in a word

- The sonority of sounds is a relative characteristic

Which of the following statements is/are true about morphemes?

- There are polymorphemic and monomorphemic words

- They are the smallest meaning-distinguishing units of a language

Suffixes can only be grammatical morphemes

- The category of ‘position’ applies to bound morphemes only

Which of the following relate(s) to syntagmatic relations?

Axis of combination

‘Vertical’ relationships

What linguistic elements can be used in place of others

‘Horizontal’ relationships

Which of the following statements is/are true about this sentence?
My music teacher is younger than my dad.

There are two instances of derivational morphology.

There are no voiceless alveolar fricatives.

It would be transcribed differently in RP and in GA.

There is a centering diphthong.

Which of the following statements is/are true about this sentence?
I dunno who I‘m gonna go with.

Descriptivists would object to the stranded preposition.

Prescriptively speaking, this sentence is ungrammatical.

Descriptivists might say this is rather spoken language.

There are only two closed syllables.

Which of the following is/are (an) appropriate transcription(s) of the word <train>?

/traɪn/
/treɪn/
/tɹ̥ eɪn/
/train/

Which of the following markers for plural are phonologically conditioned?

Mice
Pieces
Fish
Bags

Which of the following statements are true?

Derivational morphemes can only be prefixes.

English has become more of a synthetic language over time.

The most productive compound type is Noun-Noun.

Prefixes often change the word-class of a base.

Which of the following statements is/are true about this sentence?
There is a BA student in the lecture hall.

There is one acronym.

There is one abbreviation.

There is one initialism.

There is one compound phrase.

Which of the following statements is/are true about the rightmost element in a compound?

It carries the inflection.

It carries the main meaning.

It carries the stress.

It determines the word-class.

Which theory allows us to categorise a kiwi, which is flightless, as a bird?

The theory of conceptual meaning

The theory of atoms of meaning

The theory of semantic features

The theory of prototypes

What is the ‘sense’ of a word/expression?

The associative meaning of a word/expression.

The descriptive meaning of a word/expression.

The connotative meaning of a word/expression.

The mental concept we have of a word/expression.

Which of the following concepts form part of the conceptual meaning of the word ‘man’?

Short hair
Adult
Male
Strong

What are the advantages of the theory of semantic features?

It tries to explain meaning overlap.

It tries to find basic components for defining word meaning.

It allows for gradience between entities.

It is easy to find core attributes.

Which of the following is/are (a) euphemism(s)?

He’s getting on a bit...

Are you crazy?!

She’s in a better place.

It’s raining cats and dogs!

Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of metonymy?

I destroyed his argument.

It’s time to go, get your feet on.

Buckingham Palace has recently announced that...

I drank the whole glass in one go.

Which of the following is/are (an) example(s) of lexical ambiguity?

Let’s meet by the bank at 2 o’clock.

The teacher said she would give an exam on Monday.

She cannot bear children.

John informed the woman that Bill was dating.

Which of the following pairs of words are reversives?

Right – Wrong

Lend – Borrow

Give – Receive

Arrive – Depart

Which of the following are closed classes?

Adverbs
Pronouns
Auxiliary verbs
Prepositions

Which of the following statements is/are true about the syntactic function of a word?

You can also call it ‘syntactic class’

It describes the role an element has in its grammatical context

‘Adjunct’ is an example of a syntactic function

It is defined by morphological, semantic and syntactic criteria

What is true about the head of a phrase?

It determines the syntactic form/class of the phrase

It is the element that indicates what is being described

It is always the first part of the phrase

It is obligatory

Which of the following statements is/are true about this sentence?
The boy threw his toys on the floor.

‘threw his toys on the floor’ is a constituent

It is ditransitive

It is a simple sentence

There is a subject complement

Which of the following is/are (a) modular approach(es)?

Cognitive grammar
Generative syntax
Construction grammar
Functional approaches

Generative grammar sees language as...

a reflection of conceptualisation

a means of communication

an inventory of constructions

expression of thought

How can we define a ‘construction’? (In construction grammar)

A semi-fixed expression

An abstraction of form into meaning

An inventory of fixed phrases

A stored pairing of form and meaning