Tom and Sally have been dating for two years. Sally breaks up with Tom because he cheated on her with Betty. Sally tells her friend Kelly about Tom, but she tells her without showing any emotion. Tom continues to call Sally and treat her as he did when they were going out. Betty, who did not know about Sally, tells Tom that she is glad that he feels guilty for hurting Sally. She also tells him that it will take a long time to get over the guilt.
Betty is using ___________ as a defense mechanism.
repression
denial
projection
isolation
Which psychosexual stage of development did Freud view as different from the others because an individual does not simply experience it but must achieve it?
Genital
anal
phallic
oral
What is the result of psychic conflict; that is, the conflict between desires, morals, and possibilities?
confusion
depression
self-actualisation
anxiety
According to Freud, what was the consequence of the physical inability of women to overcome penis envy and the reason their personality would never fully develop?
Their ego could never develop
Their superego could never develop
Their Id could never fully develop
all of the above
Bobby is thirsty and wants his mother to get him a drink. He waits until she has finished talking to her friend and then asks ‘Mummy, please can I have a drink of water?’ His mother then fetches him a cup of water. Bobby’s behaviour represents...
an undeveloped id
an undeveloped ego
a fully developed id
a fully developed ego
An extreme childhood experience during the ______ stage could result in the kind of personality that aggressively refuses help from others, even in the midst of failure, or one that exerts no agency over fulfilling its own needs.
genital
The process that Freud referred to as identification, involving the realization that the sexes differ, is an important psychological milestone connected with what stage of development?
A toddler in a supermarket is having a tantrum because his mother says he cannot have the chocolate bar he is asking for. In Freudian terms he is behaving this way because…
he is expressing a strong Superegeo
his Ego is being denied
his Id instincts are being denied
he has an electra complex
I really want to buy a brand new leather sofa, but it costs £3000 and I don’t have the money. My inner ‘child’ or Id is saying ‘buy it, buy it, buy it’, but there is another element of my psyche telling me I shouldn’t buy it because I can’t afford it and that I should save up. According to Freud’s structure of the mind what is this element called?
super id
super ego
ego
self control
Sally is using ___________ as a defense mechanism
Karen Horney called parental mistreatment _______, as she believed that parental behavior that does not meet the child's fundamental need for safety was highly damaging.
abuse
basic evil
thanatos
eros
According to Adler, ________ is the "sole criterion of human values"
productive work
social interest
self-interest
religion
Karen Horney postulated all of the following character patterns except
Moving away from people, characterized by social avoidance, withdrawal, and need for independence.
Moving with people, characterized by compliance, submissive behavior, and a need for acceptance.
Moving toward people, characterized by compliance, submissive behavior, and a need for love.
Moving against people, characterized by arrogance, hostility, and a need for power.
Which personality descriptions is Carl Jung most associated with
oral and anal fixations
marketing and exploitative personality types
superiority and inferiority complexes
introversion and extroversion
According to Adler, the one dynamic force behind a person's activity is
the striving for success or superiority
organ inferiorities
organ dialect
feelings of superiority
what word did Karen Horney use to describe abnormal needs such as social recognition, power, affection and approval?
social
neurotic
psychotic
cultural
In Karen Horney’s model of the development of the personality and the neurotic personality, which of the following statements is true?
In the normal individual the true self and the real self are closely aligned
in the neurotic individual the idealised self and the neurotic self are closely aligned
In the normal individual the idealised self and the real self are very different
In the neurotic individual the idealised self and the real self are very different
Jung believed that all people share certain memories and ideas as a result of our shared history. This idea is known as:
The anima and animus duality
the archetype
the collective unconscious
the persona
According to Adler, which of the following is NOT one of the primary goals of children's misbehaviour?
attention
revenge
power
affection
Which factor did Horney place less emphasis on in her approach?
primal instincts
biological instincts
cultural instincts
social instincts
Rogers believed that in the psychologically healthy individual
the self and experience are congruent
denial of organismic functioning is essential
the ideal self replaces the real self
an incongruence exists between the ideal self and the organismic self
Rogers believed that each person has a natural tendency towards growth and...
self-centredness
self-awareness
self-acceptance
A characteristic feature of the fully functioning person is:
1. congruence of the self and one's experiences. 2. conditions of worth. 3. trusting of his or her own judgment.
1
2
1 and 2
1 and 3
The purpose of _________ is to help individuals meet the fundamental desire for continued personal growth and self-enhancement.
inner directiveness
cognitive centering
self actualisation
mental discipline
Many victims of hurricane Katrina were left without their homes, food, and water--basic necessities for living. Based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which motives were activated for these individuals?
security
Physiological
belongingness
What is the correct order (starting with the most basic) of Maslow’s hierarchy needs?
Belongingness and love; safety; physiological; esteem
Physiological; safety; belongingness and love; esteem
safety; belongingness and love; esteem; physiological
Belongingness and love; physiological; safety ; esteem
In his theory of motivation, Maslow assumed that:
people in different cultures have different basic needs
motivation is nearly always conscious
people are motivated by one need at a time
people are continually motivated by one need or another
What, according to Rogers is the cause of all psychological problems?
faulty learning
emotional disturbances
impairments in our self-awareness
blocks in our actualising tendency
If you feel that other people value you only if you are smart, successful, attractive, or good, according to Rogers, you will develop_______.
Unconditional positive regard
Conditions of worth
Psychotherapy
Neuroticism
According to Maslow, some needs grow stronger when unsatisfied. Maslow called these...
being needs
deficiency needs
growth needs
primary needs
Costa and McCrae used the well-known NEO-PI-R to measure their five factors of personality. The acronym used to remember the ‘Big Five’ is O.C.E.A.N, where N stands for Neuroticism and E stands for Extraversion, but what do the other letters stand for?
Occupation, Concern and Approach
Openness, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness
Order, Compliance and Agreeableness
Originality, Caring and Assertiveness
which is the odd one out?
low self esteem
impulsive
impersonal
creative
Which of these is not a five factor (Costa and McCrae)
Extraversion
Psychoticism
Agreeableness
In the story, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the dwarfs names (sleepy, dopey, grumpy etc) represent which of Allport’s Traits?
central
secondary
primary
cardinal
Cattell and Eysenck identify traits through the use of
twin studies
factor analysis
intuition
ability tests
Raymond Cattell's measurement of personality instrument was called the ____________.
18PF
16PF
26PF
14PF
which of the following helps define the term personality?
characteristics that are typical for a person
characteristics that make a person unique
acting, thinking and feeling
According to Eysenck, extroverts are
naturally underaroused
stimulus hungry
approaching
According to Hans Eysenck, impulsive thrill seekers would be called
neurotics
psychotics
extreme extroverts
schizoprenics
What do Eysenck's three supertraits measure?
intelligence, neuroticism, psychoticism
sociability, intelligence, psychoticism
extraversion, neuroticism, psychoticism
intelligence, extraversion, neuroticism
The theories of Cattell and Eysenck rate
high on biological determinants of personality
high on teleology
low on their ability to generate research
high on free will versus determinism
Allport calls the traits that organise and influence most of our behaviour
cardinal traits
central traits
secondary traits
source traits
Neurotics
Schizophrenics
talkative vs quiet; frank or open vs secretive; adventurous vs cautious; sociable vs reclusive - these traits describe which dimension personality?
agreeableness
conscientiousness
emotional stability
extraversion
What labels are assigned to the levels that form the hierarchy in Eysenck's PEN model?
specific behavioural responses, habitual responses, traits, supertraits
L-Data, Q-Data, T-Data
Cardinal traits, central traits, secondary traits
interpersonal traits, temperamental traits, character traits, material traits, mental traits, physical traits
"Funny, caring, 40-year old males, loves gardening. Seeks slim, honest, reliable female. Must enjoy Opera"
In the above 'lonely hearts' advertisement, according to Allport's trait theory, which of the following is true?
Only primary traits are presented
no secondary traits are presented
no cardinal traits are presented
cardinal, primary and secondary traits are presented
Judith is angry that her husband is going to be late home from work again and hadn’t called to let her know first. During dinner she snaps at her children for their poor table manners and sends them all to bed without pudding. According to Freud, which defence mechanism is she employing?
sublimation
Repression
displacement
regression
Ideas about the id pertain to _______, the ego to ______, and the superego to _______.
The unconscious mind;the conscious mind; the rational mind
The irrational part of the mind; the rational part of the mind; the moral part of the mind
Impulses; impulse control; morality
Dreams and the imagination; morality; rational thought
During which stage of a child’s psychic development does she try to understand how much authority her parents have and how much she herself controls?
Asif is a hoarder. He has kept every copy of the NME that he has ever bought and has these arranged in chronological order in files on his bookshelf and refuses to throw them away. According to Freud’s theory of psychosexual development, this behaviour represents which personality type?
Oral retentive
Anal retentive
Oral aggressive
Anal expulsive
According to Freud, _______ is the defence mechanism that involves reverting to immature behaviours that have relieved anxiety in the past
rationalisation
Clare foolishly believes Tom when he tells her that the chewing gum she just swallowed will take seven years to digest.
Clare has developed an oral receptive character because she was overindulged at the oral stage of development
Clare has an oral aggressive character because she was under-indulged at the oral stage of development
Clare has an anal retentive character because she resisted her parents’ demands at the anal stage of development
Clare has an anal-expulsive personality because she complied with her parents’ demands at the anal stage of development
Karen Horney believed that neurotic needs develop in
childhood
infancy
adolescence
adulthood
Many neo-Freudians gave which part of the psyche a greater role in personality development than Freud did?
conscious
id
superego
Compared with Freud, Adler
had a more positive view towards women
placed more emphasis on aggression
relied more on dream interpretation in psychoanalysis
was more likely to use hypnosis to treat patients
Which aspect of the family did Adler believe may play a significant role in personality development?
age of parents when child was first born
gender of siblings
birth order
size of extended family
Most neo-Freudians differ from Freud in three respects. Which of the answers below is NOT one of these ways?
Neo-Freudians emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thought.
Neo-Freudians view sex as less important than Freud did
Neo-Freudians put less emphasis on individual introspection and more emphasis on acquiring experimental data as a source of psychological theory.
Neo-Freudians inject a focus on interpersonal relationships as a source of psychological differences
One of the most useful Jungian ideas is his classification of the four basic ways of thinking. __________ establishes what is actually present, ___________ enables us to recognize its meaning, _______ tells us its value, and _________ points to possibilities as to whence it came and whither it is going in a given situation.
Sensation; feeling; rational thinking; intuition
Feeling; rational thinking; sensation; intuition
Sensation; rational thinking; feeling; intuition
Intuition; rational thinking ; feeling; sensation
For years, the U.S. Army ran an advertising campaign with the tagline, “Be all you can be.” To which of Maslow's needs is this appealing?
safety
physiological
esteem
Jane lives on her own, but on her way home from work every day she stops off at the gym to work out for an hour and then stops off at her favourite café for a cup of green tea before going home. This routine is an example of which of Maslow's need levels? ________ needs
physical
biosocial
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which is the first step that must be taken to ensure, for example, a fresher student’s productivity?
She must make friends so that she has the feeling of being part of a community
She must be allowed the freedom to express her ideas
She must find somewhere suitable to live
She must learn the rules of social conduct in her new cultural context
Which Humanist's ideas developed from clinical experiences?
cattell
maslow
rogers
allport
Rogers believed that all behaviour relates to one's
enhancement needs
ideal self
safety needs
actualising tendency
Formal personality assessment is not uncommon in work psychology and the personality measures used must satisfy psychometric criteria to be acceptable. Which of the following is not one of these criteria?
Does not create adverse impact
reliability
validity
Can be completed electronically for ease of standardisation
The most widely used and extensively researched objective personality test is the ____________
TAT
MMPI-2
EPQ
Some people like looking at clouds and figuring out what the shapes remind them of. This is similar to which psychological test?
SLR-90
Rorschach test
Thematic apperception test
The NEO-PI-R was developed to assess
the big 5
intelligence
eysenck's three factor theory
allport's traits
What is Rorschach’s test designed to measure?
unconscious intentions
brain size
dreams
conscious desires
A difference between objective and projective methods of assessment is that projective methods are
more artistic and less verbal in nature
of value with test takers regardless of culture
indirect methods of personality assessment
Shaun is taking a personality test in which he is shown a series of simple scenes. He is supposed to tell a story about what is happening in each scene and to suggest what the characters are feeling. The test Shaun is taking is the
Thematic Apperception Test
Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory
Draw a man test
Neuroticism Extroversion Openess Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R)
One advantage of the projective personality test is that they
are easy to administer and grade by a computer
have higher validity than self-report tests
allow respondents more freedom for self-expression
permit broader interpretations by the clinician
Individual differences form an integral part of work psychology. Which of the following are relevant for job performance?
personality variables
emotional intelligence
cognitive abilities
How are the Five Factor traits measured?
Through adjective and questionnaire statement methods
through galvanic skin response measurements
through fMRI measurements
through interviews
In the context of Rorschach scoring, which does not belong?
popularity
form
concepts
determinants
Which kind of validity or reliability does not match the description that follows it?
re-test reliability: people get similar scores when they do a test on different occasions.
discriminant validity: a test of one personality characteristic does not correlate with tests that measure different characteristics.
convergent validity: people get similar scores on a test when different people administer it to them.
internal consistency: the items in the test all correlate with one another
In clinical practice, a TAT examiner administers
at least three cards
ten cards
twenty cards
as many cards as he or she cares to administer
The MMPI-2 and the NEO-PI-R are examples of
subjective tests
projective tests
objective tests
clinical interviews
The MMPI measures which of the following?
mood
physical concerns
social attitudes
Which of the following does NOT occur during the free association phase of the Rorschach inkblot test?
the tester and the client sit next to each other at a table
The tester asks the client where in each inkblot s/he saw each image
The client is asked to list at least two things that each inkblot calls to mind.
The tester makes a verbatim record of the client's responses.
The items in a personality test correlate strongly with one each other. Which kind of reliability or validity does this imply?
convergent validity
content validity
internal consistency
retest reliability
which of the following is an accurate criticisms of projective tests of personality?
They have poor inter-rater reliability, but they show high validity
They require too many inferences on the part of the examiner and do no show high validity
their validity is too high
they prevent subjects from expressing themselves freely
Narcissistic personality disorder is also closely associated with antisocial personality disorder (APD). Which of the following is NOT a way in narcissistic individuals will regularly act:
self-motivated
deceitful
aggressive
withdrawn
Which cluster of Axis II of the DSM do 'dramatic, emotional or erratic' disorders belong in?
A
B
C
D
Which of the following is NOT a DSM criterion for schizoid personality disorder?
Neither desires nor enjoys close relationships, including being part of a family
Almost always chooses solitary activities
Has recurrent suspicions, without justification, regarding fidelity of spouse or sexual partner
Shows emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity
Katie Price is on her third marriage in her quest to find ideal love. When Katie Price demonstrates patterns of attention seeking and the excessive need for admiration from others, a Psychologist could be forgiven for thinking she may be suffering from …
Paranoid personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Anti-social personality disorder
Which of the following are considered to be the main features of avoidant personality disorder?
persistent social inhibition
feelings of inadequacy
hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
An Individual with Dependent Personality Disorder will NOT exhibit which of the following?
aggressive behaviour
submissive and clinging behaviour
have great difficulties making everyday decisions
passive behaviour
An Individual with a schizotypal personality disorder will usually exhibit which of the following characteristics?
eccentric behaviour marked by odd patterns of thinking and communication
discomfort with close personal relationships
often exhibit unusual ideas of reference
Which of the following statements about personality disorders is true?
By definition, personality disorders must be present continuously since childhood.
The majority of people diagnosed with one personality disorder meet the diagnostic criteria for at least one other personality disorder.
Since personality disorders are treated differently than acute disorders, medical conditions or life stressors by the DSM-IV, they are placed on Axis III
Because they are more debilitating, people with personality disorders seek treatment more often than people with acute disorders
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of individuals with paranoid personality disorder
avoidance of close relationships
avoidance of public spaces
are often spontaneously aggressive towards others
often feel that they have been deeply and irreversibly betrayed by others
People with avoidant personality disorder…
don't want to have social relationships
wish they had more social relationships
feel over stimulated because they have too many social obligations
do not suffer from poor social skills
Personality disorders are an enduring patterns of behaviour that persist from childhood into adulthood and because of this fact, one of the best predictors of APD in adulthood is a diagnosis of
conduct disorder
childhood anxiety
attachment disorder
attention deficit disorder
In the film ‘Girl Interrupted’, Winona Rider plays Susanna Keysen who is admitted to a Psychiatric hospital after a nervous breakdown. The assumption that she tried to commit suicide via an overdose, together with her significant distress when her friend Lisa Rowe (played by Angelina Jolie) leaves the hospital could be taken as signs of which personality disorder?
Avoidant personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Schizoid personality disorder
The apparent lack of empathy and the tendency to exploit others for self-benefit, has lead psychologists to compare narcissistic personality disorder with which one of the following?
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal
The term ‘Sociopath’ or ‘Psychopath’ is sometimes used to describe which type of personality disorder?
Schizotypal personality disorder
Which of the following is false about antisocial personality disorder?
People with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to have low levels of education.
The tendency to engage in anti-social behaviours tends to begin in childhood and is one of the most stable characteristics.
People with antisocial personality disorder have trouble inhibiting impulsive behaviours
People with antisocial personality disorder have high levels of arousability, which leads them to avoid stimulation through impulsive and dangerous acts and to experience punishment as less severe.
People with _____ personality disorder seem to have no need for social relationships.
schiziod
borderline
histrionic
obsessive compulsive
Which of the following are not symptoms of borderline personality disorder?
Difficulty making and maintaining relationships
Risk taking, or doing things without thinking of potential consequences
a fear of being abandoned or rejected
Emotions which are consistent and stable
