When a nurse observes muscle stiffening occurring within 6-14 hours after death, the nurse should document this finding as _____ present.
Gangrene
Rigor mortis
Livor mortis
Algor mortis
A 75-year-old male presents with chest pain on exertion. The chest pain is most likely due to hypoxic injury secondary to:
Free radicals
Malnutrition
Chemical toxicity
Ischemia
A 55-year-old male with a 30-year history of smoking is examined for respiratory disturbance. Examination of his airway (bronchial) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated cells. This type of cellular adaptation is called:
Dysplasia
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Anaplasia
After a geneticist talks to the patient about being a chromosomal mosaic, the patient asks the nurse what that means. How should the nurse respond? You may _____ genetic disease(s).
Have a mild form of the
Have two
Only be a carrier of the
Be sterile as a result of the
A 40-year-old female is diagnosed with cervical cancer after a Pap smear. Which of the following cellular changes would the nurse most likely see on the report?
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
A family presents to their primary care provider reporting headache, nausea, weakness, and vomiting. Which of the following would be the most likely explanation for these symptoms?
Mercury poisoning
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Lead exposure
Ethanol poisoning
A child is born with blue eyes (bb). The child's mother has blue eyes and the father has brown eyes. Which of the following represents the father?
BB
Bb
bb
Bbb
A group of prison inmates developed tuberculosis following exposure to an infected inmate. On examination, tissues were soft and granular (like clumped cheese). Which of the following is the most likely cause?
Liquefactive necrosis
Autonecrosis
Coagulative necrosis
Caseous necrosis
A 50-year-old female became infected with Clostridium bacteria and died a week later. Examination of her red blood cells revealed lysis of membranes. Which of the following was the most likely cause of her death?
Fat necrosis
Gas gangrene
Wet gangrene
Gangrenous necrosis
A couple has three offspring: one child with an autosomal dominant disease trait and two who are normal. The father is affected by the autosomal dominant disease, but the mother does not have the disease gene. What is the recurrence risk of this autosomal dominant disease for their next child?
Impossible to determine
25%
33%
50%
A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition?
biploidy
tetraploidy
aneuploidy
triploidy
Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis?
Silent mutations
Frameshift mutations
Base pair substitutions
Intron mutations
The condition in which an extra portion of a chromosome is present in each cell is called:
Down syndrome
Inversion
Partial trisomy
Reciprocal translocation
When homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, which of the following occurs?
Conjoined twins
Polyploidy
Neurofibromatosis
Nondisjunction
A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are:
Codons, oxygen, and cytosine
A phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases
Adenine, guanine, and purine
Pentose sugars and four phosphate bases
The gradual increase in height among the human population over the past 100 years is an example of:
A polygenic trait
Crossing over
Recombination
A multifactorial trait
To express a polygenic trait:
Several genes must act together.
Penetrance must occur.
Genes must interact with the environment.
Multiple mutations must occur in the same family.
A patient has a heart attack that leads to progressive cell injury that causes cell death with severe cell swelling and breakdown of organelles. What term would the nurse use to define this process?
Pathologic calcification
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Adaptation
A 50-year-old male was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with:
Expressivity
Delayed age of onset
Penetrance
Recurrence risk
A normal male and a female carrier for red-green color blindness mate. Given that red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive trait, what is the likelihood of their children being affected?
Females most affected; no males affected
Males most affected; no females affected
A 52-year-old male suffered a myocardial infarction secondary to atherosclerosis and ischemia. Once oxygen returned to the damaged heart, reperfusion injury occurred as a result of:
Lipid acceptor proteins
Free radical formation
Vacuolation
Increased metabolic state
While reading a textbook, the student reads the term, "apoptosis." The student recalls that apoptosis is a condition in which cells program themselves to:
Age
Regenerate
Die
During childhood, the thymus decreases in size, and this is referred to as _____ atrophy.
Disuse
Pathologic
Neurogenic
Physiologic
A 55-year-old male has swelling of the feet. Which of the following aided in development of swelling?
Decreased oncotic pressure
Increased ATP
Chloride movement out of the cell
Na+ movement into the cell
A 50-year-old male sustained a closed head injury as a result of a motor vehicle accident. CT scan revealed a collection of blood between the inner surface of the dura mater and the surface of the brain. Which type of injury will the nurse be caring for?
Epidural hematoma
Abrasion
Contusion
Subdural hematoma
Mutations that do not change the amino acid sequence and thus have no consequence are termed _____ mutations.
Silent
Frameshift
Spontaneous
Missense
A report comes back indicating that muscular atrophy has occurred. A nurse recalls that muscular atrophy involves a decrease in muscle cell:
Vacuoles
Number
Size
Lipofuscin
Which of these conditions follows a multifactorial pattern of inheritance?
Marfan syndrome
Coronary artery disease
Tay-Sachs disease
A person's phenotype can be best described as:
Traits that are observable or apparent
Traits that are inherited in a dominant pattern
Traits that are inherited in a recessive pattern
The genetic make up of an individual
The nurse is teaching staff about the most common cause of Down syndrome. What is the nurse describing?
Maternal nondisjunction
Paternal translocations
Maternal translocations
Paternal nondisjunction