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Pregunta 1 de 48

1

Which of the following is not true of the Sand Brothers described at the beginning of Chapter 1?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • As teens, their contact with adults was minimal.

  • They aggressively chased and killed a police officer.

  • They suffered brain damage as children.

  • They were of mixed race.

Explicación

Pregunta 2 de 48

1

In July 2007, Conrad Black was convicted on four charges and acquitted on nine others. What did Black’s sentence consist of?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A fine issued by an American court.

  • A fine issued by a Canadian court.

  • A prison sentence in a Canadian prison.

  • A prison sentence in an American prison.

Explicación

Pregunta 3 de 48

1

Which of the following cases would not be examined within the discipline of criminology?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A civil lawsuit filed by one corporation against another for copyright infringement.

  • Two teenagers caught breaking into homes.

  • The abduction of a child by one divorced parent who does not have custody over that child.

  • The theft of supplies from a private sector corporation.

Explicación

Pregunta 4 de 48

1

The textbook identifies three reasons for studying crime. Which of the following is not among these reasons?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Crime affects all of us, either directly or indirectly.

  • By studying crime we will be able to establish the single causal factor that leads to crime.

  • Understanding crime may help us reduce it.

  • Learning about crime is intrinsically worthwhile.

Explicación

Pregunta 5 de 48

1

Which of the following best reflects the relationship between the media and the perceptions of Canadians about crime?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Stories Canadians share about crime largely come from the police.

  • Stories on television, news and other media have little impact on Canadians’ understanding of crime.

  • Stories on crime in the media often provide an inaccurate and distorted picture of crime, on which Canadians tend to basis their own understanding.

  • Stories about Canadians’ experiences with crime as seldom discussed in the media.

Explicación

Pregunta 6 de 48

1

Which of the following is not one of the six major areas of criminology?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Municipal bylaws.

  • Origins and role of law.

  • Social distribution of crime.

  • Definition of crime and criminals.

Explicación

Pregunta 7 de 48

1

Which of the following is the textbook definition of the concept of “norms”?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Informal rules established by a government.

  • Established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct.

  • The culmination of regulations and laws established within a society.

  • Formal rules established by a government.

Explicación

Pregunta 8 de 48

1

What do criminologists refer to as “established rules of behaviour or standards of conduct”?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Laws.

  • Values.

  • Sanctions.

  • Norms.

Explicación

Pregunta 9 de 48

1

Which of the following best characterizes the legal definition of crime?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • An act that violates the commonly accepted norms and values of a society.

  • A societal consensus about what constitutes a harm.

  • An act that is punishable with fines and other forms of government penalties.

  • An act that violates criminal law and is punishable with jail, a fine or other sanction.

Explicación

Pregunta 10 de 48

1

Which of the following scenarios would best be classified as a white–collar crime?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The embezzlement of funds from a company by an employee.

  • A lawsuit for copyright infringement filed by one corporation against another.

  • The shoplifting of retail goods by a group of teenagers who frequent a mall.

  • The bankruptcy of a company, which leaves shareholders penniless.

Explicación

Pregunta 11 de 48

1

Which of the following definitions of crime best captures a scenario in which government policy serves to punish the lower class?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A legal definition of crime.

  • A social consensus definition of crime.

  • A class conflict approach

  • An expanded definition including white–collar crime.

Explicación

Pregunta 12 de 48

1

Eric is serving time for manslaughter, while his brother Michael is serving his country overseas at war. They have both killed people, yet Eric is labelled a “murderer,” while Michael is considered a “hero.” What does this illustrate?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Crime is morally defined.

  • Crime is legally defined.

  • Crime is personally defined.

  • Crime is socially defined

Explicación

Pregunta 13 de 48

1

Which of the following best defines the consensus theory of criminal laws?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • An agreement among police as to what constitutes a crime.

  • An agreement among lawmakers as to what constitutes a crime.

  • An agreement as to which new types of crimes (e.g., animal cruelty, terrorism) should be analyzed through the discipline of criminology.

  • An agreement of most of the people in society that certain acts should be prohibited by the criminal law.

Explicación

Pregunta 14 de 48

1

Which of the following do conflict theorists believe?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Law is simply a codification of the values shared by most members of a society.

  • Criminology should study not just actions that violate the criminal law but also actions that are socially harmful.

  • Actions that violate the basic right of people to obtain the necessities of life and to be treated with dignity should be considered crimes.

  • The ruling class passes laws to maintain their privileged position by keeping the lower class under control.

Explicación

Pregunta 15 de 48

1

Which of the following is not one of the new branches of criminology discussed in the textbook?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Patterns of crime.

  • Terrorism studies.

  • Surveillance studies.

  • Green criminology.

Explicación

Pregunta 16 de 48

1

Which of the following is true from a historical perspective?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • All societies have had to develop a moral order along with laws to retrain their members.

  • Some societies fail to develop a moral order or any kind of laws.

  • All societies have had to develop laws, but not all societies have had to develop a moral order.

  • All societies have had to develop a moral order, but not all societies have developed laws.

Explicación

Pregunta 17 de 48

1

Which of the following is a common factor in dispute resolution processes for both small–scale societies and complex industrial societies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • They are both based on some form of moral order.

  • In both, influence is determined by personal attributes, not accumulation of goods.

  • They are both community–based.

  • They both entail a central role of the state.

Explicación

Pregunta 18 de 48

1

In the opening pages of Chapter 2, Lenski (1966) classifies the history of societies into hunting and gathering, pastoral, horticultural, agricultural, and industrial societies. Which of the following was the central factor in how Lenski differentiated these societies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Power relations within the society.

  • The degree to which political structures are organized.

  • The mode of production.

  • The degree of social stratification.

Explicación

Pregunta 19 de 48

1

All of the following typically characterize hunting and gathering societies except one. Which is the exception?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Social bonding resting on similar beliefs and values.

  • Shared activities, cooperation, and ties of kinship.

  • Highly centralized structure for decision making.

  • Strong collective solidarity.

Explicación

Pregunta 20 de 48

1

Which of the following best describes why there was such a strong need for self–restraint in small–scale societies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Members needed to share the goods they accumulated.

  • When individuals did not restrain their behaviours in such societies, they could be put to death.

  • Self–restraint was reinforced by the strong political authorities in these societies.

  • To prevent the breakdown of a working order in these societies.

Explicación

Pregunta 21 de 48

1

According to Newman, many disputes in hunting and gathering societies were fought over what was considered to be a highly valuable resource in that society. Which of the following was that valuable resource?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Water.

  • Women.

  • Children.

  • Fire.

Explicación

Pregunta 22 de 48

1

In small–scale societies, which of the following was the primary method of addressing wrongs?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Chieftainships.

  • Self– or kin–based redress systems.

  • Formal laws.

  • Elders’ councils.

Explicación

Pregunta 23 de 48

1

A member of a family seeks a settlement on behalf of a harmed family member. Which of the following dispute settlement systems in small–scale societies does this best represent?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Self–based redress.

  • Hunter–gatherer–based redress.

  • Tribal–based redress.

  • Kin–based redress.

Explicación

Pregunta 24 de 48

1

Which of the following was not cited in the textbook as a form of punishment in small–scale societies?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Public stoning.

  • Ostracism.

  • Shaming rituals.

  • Public criticism.

Explicación

Pregunta 25 de 48

1

Which of the following scenarios best characterizes the advisor system of dispute settlement?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Advisors acted as a moral authority within a small–scale society.

  • Advisors were elected to this position by the rest of the society.

  • Advisors were responsible for enforcing compliance with their decisions.

  • Advisors made recommendations based on rules they made up.

Explicación

Pregunta 26 de 48

1

As societies evolved from hunting and gathering and became larger and more complex, which of the following was least likely to happen?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Some members generated a surplus of goods.

  • Inequality and hierarchical power structures emerged.

  • The concept of private property emerged.

  • The mutual interdependence of group members began to increase.

Explicación

Pregunta 27 de 48

1

In which of the following dispute settlement mechanisms was the verdict imposed binding on the disputants?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Self– or kin–based redress systems.

  • Advisor systems.

  • Elders’ councils.

  • Mediator systems.

Explicación

Pregunta 28 de 48

1

Which of the following was a characteristic of elders’ councils as a form of dispute settlement?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Elders often discussed their verdict with members of society prior to offering judgement.

  • Membership was dominated by members of the elite segments of society.

  • Council procedures were marked by a high degree of formality.

  • Women and men were equally represented.

Explicación

Pregunta 29 de 48

1

Which of the following occurred as feudalism developed?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Each member was intimately involved with other members of the group.

  • Surplus food meant that everyone had a right to the results of collective labour.

  • Notions of individual responsibility replaced those of collective responsibility.

  • Kin–based dispute settlement in the form of public criticism gained popularity.

Explicación

Pregunta 30 de 48

1

With the emergence of a centralized state under the Norman kings in England, which of the following characterized dispute settlement?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The Crown was the injured party in a dispute.

  • Individuals needed to pursue the prosecution of every crime.

  • Compensation was paid to the victims of crime.

  • Disputes were seen as violations against the victim.

Explicación

Pregunta 31 de 48

1

As far as dispute settlement is concerned, which of the following was an important consequence of the rise of the merchant class and the coalition between merchants and monarchs?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The growth of commerce, money, and banking resulted in transactions governed by law instead of custom.

  • The Crown enacted laws to keep merchants powerless and subservient to them.

  • Merchants resisted new laws because they obstructed their business operations.

  • The transnational corporation was born, undermining existing national contract laws.

Explicación

Pregunta 32 de 48

1

Which of the following represents an ideal case study in how economic power in human societies has made it difficult to control the actions of those who have power?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The rise of chiefdoms.

  • The rise of transnational corporations.

  • The rise of elders’ councils.

  • The rise of the advisor system.

Explicación

Pregunta 33 de 48

1

According to the textbook, which of the following is not a major threat to state legitimacy and the rule of law?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Ecocide – assaults on entire ecosystems.

  • The growing popularity of restorative justice.

  • Growing and extreme levels of inequality.

  • The underregulated business practices of big corporations.

Explicación

Pregunta 34 de 48

1

Which of the following is the main source of criminal law in Canada?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The Criminal Code.

  • The Controlled Drugs and Substances Act.

  • The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

  • The Youth Criminal Justice Act.

Explicación

Pregunta 35 de 48

1

In which of the following areas does the Canadian federal government have the exclusive jurisdiction to enact legislation?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Health.

  • Controlled drugs and substances.

  • Education.

  • Hunting and fishing.

Explicación

Pregunta 36 de 48

1

According to the Supreme Court of Canada, all but one of the following must be true for an act to be defined as a crime by Parliament’s constitutional power. Which is the exception?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The majority of provinces and the federal government must agree on the prohibition and the penalty.

  • There must be a penalty for violating that prohibition.

  • There must be a prohibition against the conduct.

  • The prohibition and penalty must be directed against a “public evil” or some form of behaviour that has an injurious effect on the Canadian public.

Explicación

Pregunta 37 de 48

1

The term criminal procedure includes all of the following except one. Which is the exception?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Defining the nature and scope of the power of criminal justice officials.

  • Provisions specifying the manner in which different categories of offences may be tried within the criminal court system.

  • Guidelines as to how, and under what conditions, Parliament and the provinces can agree on what constitutes a new crime.

  • Specifying the available options in the prosecution of a criminal case.

Explicación

Pregunta 38 de 48

1

The Criminal Code specifies various types of assault based on the level of harm (simple assault, aggravated assault, assault causing bodily harm, etc.). Which of the following terms best describes this broad category of offence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Felony.

  • Hybrid.

  • Capital.

  • Summary.

Explicación

Pregunta 39 de 48

1

Which of the following does not distinguish a criminal law from a regulatory offence?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • One addresses “true crimes” while the other addresses less serious offences.

  • Criminal laws can proscribe penalties while regulatory laws cannot.

  • Regulatory offences do not constitute harms against society while criminal offences do.

  • The provincial governments can enact regulatory laws but not criminal laws.

Explicación

Pregunta 40 de 48

1

To which of the following does “common law” refer?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The Criminal Code of Canada.

  • Judge–made law that evolved in areas not covered by legislation.

  • Laws passed in Britain that still apply in post–colonial Canada.

  • Laws that apply only to non–government officials.

Explicación

Pregunta 41 de 48

1

According to the Supreme Court of Canada in the Mabior (2012) case, a criminal conviction requires that the Crown prove mens rea on the part of the defendant. In the context of criminal law, what does this Latin term refer to?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A culpable criminal act.

  • A conspiracy.

  • A true crime.

  • A guilty mind.

Explicación

Pregunta 42 de 48

1

In the context of criminal law, establishing actus reus and mens rea are important because they are:

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • The fundamental elements that must be proven to convict someone of a criminal offence.

  • The differences between criminal and regulatory offences.

  • Acts that render a person guilty of an indictable offence.

  • The two main sections of the Criminal Code.

Explicación

Pregunta 43 de 48

1

What defence was used by a person whose actions were proved to be involuntary?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Self–defence.

  • Automatism.

  • Mistake of fact.

  • Penal negligence.

Explicación

Pregunta 44 de 48

1

“The accused knows that his or her conduct could cause certain prohibited consequences but deliberately proceeds with that conduct because he or she does not care one way or another.” Which of the following forms of subjective mens rea does this describe?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Recklessness.

  • Negligence.

  • Automatism.

  • Willful blindness.

Explicación

Pregunta 45 de 48

1

A lawyer in Montreal was convicted of the Criminal Code offence of money laundering because he did not want his drug trafficking client to tell him how he accumulated the $500,000 in small bills, which reeked of marijuana and were handed over to him in a hockey bag. What legal concept best represents the circumstances of the lawyer’s conviction?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Willful blindness.

  • Mistake of fact.

  • Automatism.

  • Negligence.

Explicación

Pregunta 46 de 48

1

According to your textbook, what is the term used to describe the circumstances when a person attempts to bring about a crime but is unsuccessful in doing so?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • A conspiracy offence.

  • An indictable offence.

  • A summary offence.

  • An inchoate offence.

Explicación

Pregunta 47 de 48

1

Which of the following is not considered a valid defence to a criminal charge?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Not criminally responsible.

  • Duress.

  • Necessity.

  • Unaware of the law.

Explicación

Pregunta 48 de 48

1

An accused was acquitted of theft because it was proven in a criminal court that his wife was threatened with murder if he did not commit the theft. What is the legal term used to describe this defence to a criminal charge?

Selecciona una de las siguientes respuestas posibles:

  • Provocation.

  • Necessity.

  • Unaware of the law

  • Duress.

Explicación

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