Describe the three major functions of the cardiovascular system, and give 2-3 examples of each

Describe the components of the cardiovascular system, including the difference between the types of blood vessels.

List the four major components of blood, and what percent of each you would expect to see following centrifugation of whole blood.

Describe how a person’s hematocrit is determined, what information it gives, normal hematocrit levels, and what a low hematocrit or high hematocrit might indicate. Describe the effect of blood doping on hematocrit levels, and why this is dangerous.

Describe the color of blood in different conditions (+/- oxygen).

Describe the components of blood plasma and their functions.

Describe what is occurring during edema.

Describe the shape of erythrocytes, why the shape is important for their function, and what protein is responsible for maintaining their shape.

How many erythrocytes are in the human body?

Describe the cell structure of erythrocytes – what is in erythrocytes? What is not in erythrocytes? What does these mean for erythrocyte function?

Describe the breakdown of erythrocytes (specifically, hemoglobin) and what can occur (especially in infants) if this doesn’t occur as it should, and how this would be treated.

Describe the structure of hemoglobin.

What is the normal amount (g/L) of hemoglobin in an adult male? Adult female? Newborn?

What type of hemoglobin is found in veins? Arteries?

Why is blood red?

Describe the condition of sickle cell anemia, and the standard treatment.

List the five types of leukocytes in order from most abundant to least abundant.

Describe the main function of leukocytes, and the three steps most leukocytes take to perform this function.

Describe the identifying structures of granulocytes, and of the three types of granulocytes.

Describe the structure and function of neutrophils, and the processes the neutrophils use to perform this function.

Describe the structural difference between a neutrophil from a female and a neutrophil from a male.

Describe the structure and function of eosinophils, and the process(es) the eosinophils use to perform this function.

Describe the structure and function of basophils, and the process(es) the basophils use to perform this function.

Describe how antihistamines act to relieve allergy symptoms, and why some make you feel tired.

Describe the structure and function of monocytes.

Describe the structure, function, and types of lymphocytes.

Where does hematopoiesis occur? What is the common precursor of granulocytes? Lymphocytes?

Describe what occurs in the blood in leukemia, and describe the difference between myeloid and lymphocytic leukemia, and acute and chronic leukemia. What would a blood smear from a person with leukemia look like?

Describe what occurs in the blood in mononucleosis. What would a blood smear from a person with mononucleosis look like?

Describe the formation of platelets. Where in the body does this occur?

Describe the three steps of hemostasis. Explain the role of clotting factors and vitamin K. Why do babies get a shot of vitamin K after birth?

Describe what occurs during hemophilia, and what treatment is used.

Describe the process of clot retraction, what proteins are involved, and why it is necessary.

Describe the process of fibrinolysis, what proteins are involved, and why it is necessary.

Which scientist identified the blood groups?

Why does agglutination occur when different blood types are mixed?

Describe the different antigens and antibodies found in a person with type A, B, AB, or O blood.

Which blood type is the universal donor? Universal recipient? Why?

How are blood types determined?

Describe what occurs during Rh incompatibility in a pregnant mother, and what the treatment is.

Be able to Label Figure 16.1

Contrast the type of blood and the source of blood found in the right half of the heart compared to the left half of the heart.

Describe the location of the heart.

List the three layers of the heart and explain their function, and, if any of the layers have sublayers, identify those.

Explain the flow of blood from deoxygenated blood leaving the tissue to oxygenated blood coming back to the tissue. Be able to trace the path of blood through all the vessels and chambers, including any valves that it passes by.

Explain the activity of valves during the cardiac cycle. What about the structure of the valves make them able to act like this?

What causes the lub-dub sound of our heart beat?

Why do we need coronary circulation?

Is coronary circulation the same in all people? Explain.

How is a cardiac muscle fiber similar to a skeletal muscle fiber? How is different?

What about the heart allows it to act as a functional syncytium? How many syncytium are in the heart?

What are the two types of heart cells?

Describe an action potential in working cardiac cells. How is it different than in skeletal muscle cells?

Draw an action potential of the working cardiac cells, and define and describe the four steps. How does it compare to a nerve or skeletal muscle action potential?

Describe what makes cardiac cells in the pacemaker special.

Draw an action potential of the pacemaker cells. Explain what is occurring in each of the four steps. What makes the action potential self-excitable?

Describe the five locations of the pacemaker cells and the function of each. Which location sets the heart rate? Why?

Be able to identify a normal EKG tracing, and label the PQRST peaks/valleys. What is going on at each step (P, QRS, and T)?

Normal EKG Tracing

Junctional Rhythm

Second-Degree Heart Block

Ventricular Fibrillation

What type of EKG would be performed to identify a possible coronary blockage?

What is the clinical use of electronic pacemakers? When are they used?

Describe STAGE ONE of the cardiac cycle. Include a description of what is occurring in respect to the valves, atria/ventricles/ and blood flow. Also include where the heart sounds are made, what is occurring in an EKG tracing, and how long each step takes.

Describe the SECOND STAGE of the cardiac cycle. Include a description of what is occurring in respect to the valves, atria/ventricles/ and blood flow. Also include where the heart sounds are made, what is occurring in an EKG tracing, and how long each step takes.

Describe the THIRD STAGE of the cardiac cycle. Include a description of what is occurring in respect to the valves, atria/ventricles/ and blood flow. Also include where the heart sounds are made, what is occurring in an EKG tracing, and how long each step takes.

Be able to look at an image of the heart and describe what stage the heart is in.
(Ventricular Filling)

Be able to look at an image of the heart and describe what stage the heart is in.
(Ventricular Systole)

Be able to look at an image of the heart and describe what stage the heart is in. (Isovolumetric Contraction Phase)

Be able to look at an image of the heart and describe what stage the heart is in.
(Isovolumetric Relaxation Phase: Early Diastole)

Describe the response of the heart to sympathetic nerves and parasympathetic nerves. Include the molecular mechanism behind the responses. (ie, what neurotransmitters are involved and how they act).

Explain how cardiac output is determined. If given heart rate and stroke volume, be able to determine cardiac output.

Explain how stroke volume is determined. If given EDV and ESV, be able to determine stroke volume. Explain the determinants of EDV and ESV (for example, atrial pressure).

Describe the four main causes of congestive heart failure. Explain what happens when just the right side of the heart stops working, and what happens when just the left side of the heart stops working. Describe some common treatments of congestive heart failure.

Superior Vena Cava

Aorta

Right Coronary Artery

Right Marginal Artery

Posterior Interventricular Artery

Anterior Interventricular Artery

Circumflex Artery

Left Coronary Artery

Describe the path of blood through the blood vessels from the heart and back to the heart.

Describe the three layers of blood vessels.

Describe the structural difference between veins and arteries.

Describe the three types of arteries, including their structure, function, and where they are found.

Describe how the flow of blood into capillaries can be regulated.

Define arterial pulse, and list three arteries that can be palpated to feel the arterial pulse (“pulse points”).

Describe the function and structure of capillaries.

Describe the three types of capillaries, including their structure, function, and where in the body they might be found.

Describe the structure of veins, and describe the importance of venous valves.

Describe two conditions that can occur if venous valves don’t work correctly.

Define blood pressure and its unit of measurement.

Describe the difference between systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure.

Describe the two main variables in determining blood pressure. Include three sources of resistance that affect blood pressure.

Describe how baroreceptors affect blood pressure (and where baroreceptors are found).

Describe how chemoreceptors affect blood pressure.

Describe how hormones affect blood pressure.

Describe how blood pressure is measured.

Describe how hypertension affects the heart, and how exercise helps prevent hypertension.