Microbiology

What is the most common limiting factor for bacterial replication?

What is O-Antigen?

What is H-Antigen?

What is K-Antigen?

What is an advantage of a coagulase producing bacteria?

What do mycoplasma lack?

What are two examples of gram positive enterobacteria aci?

What are two examples of gram -ve enterobacteria aci:

Name two gram negative protobacteria?

What TLR does LPS act through to cause toxic shock?

Define antimicrobials?

Why do bacteriostatic antibiotics have lower risk associated with them than bacteriocidal?

How will action of antibiotic differ for anaerobic and aerobic E. coli?

Why do bacteria in a biofilm have altered antibiotic efficacy?

Why are UTIs easier to treat than bladder?

Why might an abscess affect antimicrobial entry?

How might menigitis affect drug distribution?

Why aren't aminoglycocides given orally?

How are tetracyclines contraindicated in pregnancy?

For which group of antibiotics does rate of killing increase with concentration above MIC?

How can rifampicins cause contraception to be ineffective?

What's another name for PBP?

What spectrum is penicillin G?

What ring is attached to beta lactam ring in penicillin?

What ring is attached to beta lactam group in cephalosporin?

In which type of bacteria (ie gram pos or neg) does the beta lactam require porin to access the cell wall?

Describe the classification of cephalosporins in terms of gram positives and negatives.

Name a cell wall antibiotic which is not a beta lactam? How is it administered and why?

which bacteria is polymixin derived from?

What is the only bacteriocidal ribosome binding Antibiotic?

Which ribosomal binding antibiotics target the 30s region?

Which target the 50s region?

Which ribosome binding antibiotic is excreted by the biliary system?

What bacteria is intrinsically resistant to lincosamides?

In which animals can't you use lincosamides?

Which macrolide can be bacteriocidal at high doses?

Which disease can chloramphenicol not target?

Which ribosome binding agent is exclusively veterinary use?

How can resistance occur to ribosome binding agents?

What is THF (dihydrofolate) important for?

Which two antibiotics inhibit THF production?

Which enzyme in particular does sulphonamide inhibit?

What is DNA gyrase?

What group of antibiotics target DNA gyrase?

Why can fluoroquinolones cause cartilage erosion in horses?

Why do you give penicillin with clavulonic acid?

What would you give commonly for a G+ve infection?

What do you tend to use for G-ve spp?

Name some broad spectrum antibiotics?

What is SARSS?

In what 3 circumstances would BS agents not have an effect?

When should you not use fluoroquinolones?

What is the standard withdrawal period for meat when antibiotics have been given?

What is the standard withdrawal period for milk if antibiotics have been given?

What type of bacteria is intrinsically resistant to Vancomycin?

Why are enterococcus resistant to cephalosporins?

How does spontaneous resistance spread through a population of bacteria.

Name two ways in which bacteria can acquire resistance?

Give some examples of plasmid-mediated resistance?

Name the three aminoglycocide modifying enzymes?

What is the most common form of aminoglycoside resistance?

Name 5 major superfamilies of the bacterial efflux transporters?

Which antibiotics can efflux?

How are enterococci resistant to vancomycin?

Give 2 examples of chromosomal mutations?

What is disc diffusion also known as?

How long would you incubate a kirby-bauer agar plate for?

Name 2 experiments to determine MIC?

What is the difference between breakpoint assays and kirby-bauer?

What drug is contraindicated in dobermanns?

What is a risk of gentamycin?

Name 3 common successful prophylactic treatment?

Name 3 deleterious uses of prophylaxis?

Antivirals should not be used against which type of virus? Why?

What is the mainstay of preventing viral disease?

What are the potential (general) drug targets for an antiviral?

What are the types of antiviral therapies and which is safest?

Describe the normal way in which a virus enters a cell

How are viruses normally uncoated? How can drugs target viral uncoating?

Give an example of an M2 channel blocker

Give examples of viral polymerases which can be inhibited by drugs to prevent genome replication

How do nucleotide analogues preven genome replication in virus? Give 2 examples

How are nucleotide analogues used as antivirals, specific?

Where do non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors bind?

Give an example of a non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor

Why are non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors highly specific?

Why does resistance develop rapidly in non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors?

How do integrase inhibitors work? Which virus can they target?

Name an antiviral classification that inhibits virus assembly, and describe the way in which it does this

How do neuraminidase inhibitors target viruses?

What trend will you see in the level of virus n blood when you use multiple drug therapy?

Give an e.g. of a TLR stimulant, used to treat equine sarcoids

Name 2 retroviruses in cats

Name a licensed drug used in feline retrovirus therapy

Do you treat Herpes virus in cats?

Are there any licensed drugs to treat Herpes virus in cats?

What does coranavirus cause in cats?

What can be used to treat Equine herpes virus (EHV1)?

What can potentially be used to treat EEHV1 (killer in baby elephants)?

What is the main component of the BBB?

What is a mycose?

When can a subcutaenous mycose become life threatening?

What are the 5 broad groups of anti-fungals?

Which 'other' group of anti-fungal is used to treat ringworm?

What components of the fungal cell wall are present in fungi but not animals?

Name a membrane disrupting agent?

How does Amphotericin B disrupt the cell membrane?

Give 2 examples of fungi which amphotericin B is active IN VITRO against?

How can you reduce intrinsic toxicity of Amphotericin B?

Under which of the 5 main groups of anti-fungal does amphotericin B belong?

How is amphotericin B released from it's liposome?

How to Azoles inhibit ergosterol synthesis?

Are azoles fungicidal or fungistatic?

Accumulation of which intermediate makes azoles toxic?

What are the two groups of Azoles?

What is another Ergosterol synthesis inhibitor?

How do Allylamines work?

What is an echinocandin an example of (we think)?

Which genes do Echinocandins inhibit in glucan synthesis?

Inhibition of B-glucan synthase can lead to secondary reduction in what?

Are echinocandis fungistatic or fungicidial?

Where do Echinocandins act on the fungus?

What are the echinocandins registered for oral use?

What enzyme does nikkomycin inhibit?

To what group does 5-FC belong?

What does cytochrome deaminase do?

Are flycocytosines useful in monotherapy?

What halogen compounds are frequently used as disinfectants?

What is the action of chloride compounds?

What are chloride compounds often used in?

What is the most widely used chlorine containing disinfectant?

What must you never mix with Sodium Hypochlorite?

What determines the activity of Sodium Hypochlorite?

What are iodine solutions often dissolved in?

What can inactivate iodine solutions?

What is quickly replacing Inorganic iodine solution?

What ARE iodophors?

What is the relation between dilution and activity in iodophors?

What are the only things that QACs are effective against?

How do QACs work?

What are QACs toxic to?

What is the most common QAC?

Name some Phenolic compounds?

why are phenolic compounds being phased out?

Name some oxidising compounds?

Is hydrogen peroxide a pollutant? Why?

Why can some bacteria become tolerant to H2O2?

What is an issue with peracetic acid?

What components are in Virkon-S?

What are peroxide vapours replacing?

What oxidising compound is used in water systems for feeders?