Empiricists saw newborns as:
Tabula rasa
Innately born with traits and characteristics
Shaped by their parents' traits and characteristics
Yet to be shaped by the social environment that they would live in
Empiricists believe that children learn their behaviours, traits and characteristics, and don't inherit them. Is this true or false?
Nativists saw newborns as:
Yet to be shaped by the social environment in which they will live
Born with the traits and characteristics from their parents
For infant children in their early perceptual development, sensation is:
Exploring themselves and their environment with their senses
Exploring their own emotions and sensations from what they feel
Understanding how objects exist and the sensations that they get from interacting with them
All of the above
None of the above
For infant children in their perceptual development, perception is:
Interpretation through their brain's sensory input
What they see and can do with themselves to interact with it
Understanding the world that they inhabit
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for an infant's sensory processing?
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
When are infants' vision the least developed?
At birth
At 2 months old
At 6 months old
At 12 months old
At 18 months old
According to Fantz (1961) infants prefer:
Patterned shapes
Unpatterned shapes
Both
Neither
According to Fantz, infants prefer:
Symmetrical lines
Assymetrical lines
According to Fantz (1961), infants prefer:
Curved lines
Straight lines
Neonates can differentiate between different types of patterns. Is this true or false?
Habituation is when an infant stares at an object for a period of time. When they are bored, they look away. Is this true or false?
How long does it take for newborns to habituate to new stimuli?
Less than a minute
Between one and two minutes
Two minutes
Several minutes
When infants reach around 4 or 5 months, their information processing reduces by how much?
10 seconds
20 seconds
30 seconds
1 minute
2 minutes
Why do newborns take longer, at 2 months old, to habituate?
Because they are cognitively slower than they have ever been
Because they are more easily distracted
Because there is less novelty about the stimuli that they are presented with
Their visual processing has improved significantly and there is more information to process
In operant conditioning, reinforcement increases the chances of decreases the chances of( increases the chances of, decreases the chances of ) behavioural recurrence. Punishment reduces the chances of improves the chances of( reduces the chances of, improves the chances of ) behavioural recurrence.
Rovee-Collier (1999) attached a mobile ribbon to a 3-month old baby's ankle during her research experiment. The baby quickly found out that by repeatedly kicking, the mobile would move.
What does this say about operant conditioning?
Infants understand operant conditioning before they are 6 months old. By kicking, it shows that, in context-dependent situations, they can perform behaviours relative to previous events
Her findings were inconclusive as they were too often found to be shown in some infants, but not in others
Infants still need a few more months before they can understand behaviours related to operant conditioning. Even when the baby kicked the first time, it didn't necessarily correlate to activating the mobile, context-dependent or otherwise
Rovee-Collier's (1999) research showed that:
Babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
Some babies can learn through their own behaviour quickly the consequences of their actions
Very few babies can obtain the understanding of operant conditioning as quickly as others, takes a longer time
She didn't find anything significant
Which of the following areas of the eyes in babies is the least developed as they grow?
Fovea
Cone cells
Retina
Optic nerve
At what point do infants obtain vision comparable to adults?
Before 6 months old
Before 12 months old
At 2 years old
At 3 years old
In pattern perception, infants only a few weeks old:
Focus on single, high contrast patterns and features
Focus on many, high contrast patterns and features
Focus on single, low contrast patterns and features
Focus on many, low contrast patterns and features
A baby would be able to recognise their mother in their second day of life. However, would they be able to if her face was partially occluded?
Yes
No
In facial recognition, one-month old infants will naturally focus on:
Facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
Distinctive features (e.g. scars, blemishes)
All natural facial features
In facial recognition, two-month-old infants will have had better contrast sensitivity and ocular-motor control. This means that they now focus on:
The facial edges (e.g. hair, chin)
All parts of the face, particularly eyes and mouth
At 3 weeks old, an infant's pattern perception:
Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns
Can detect detail in complex patterns and their internal features
Can detect patterns, even if boundaries are not present
Can detect objects, even if two-thirds of the image is missing
At 2 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
Has poor contrast sensitivity, and prefers large simple patterns
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan their internal features
Can detect boundaries in patterns, even if they are not really present
At 4 months old, an infant's pattern perception:
Has poor contrast sensitivity and prefers large, simple patterns
Can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan them for internal features
Can detect pattern boundaries, even if they are not really present
At 12 months old, an infant's pattern perception
Can detect patterns even if the boundaries are not really present
A baby is presented with a standard, natural face, and a jumbled face. When the faces are moved across their visual fields, which do they follow longer?
The normal face
The jumbled face
Why, according to Morton and Johnson, might a baby follow a normal face for longer than one that is jumbled?
They prefer, attentionally, those that are the same as them (evolutionary perspective)
They have been habituated to the stimuli for longer
They are just looking and not really paying too much attention
They want to know what happens next
According to Farroni, Menon and Johnson (2006), what types of faces do babies prefer?
Faces with a direct gaze, upside-down
Faces with a direct gaze, the right way up
Faces looking away, upside down
Faces looking away, the right way up
When presented with a visual cliff, would 6-month-old babies crawl to their mothers?
For depth perception, one-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Kinetic cues
Binocular cues
Pictorial cues, wariness of height
For depth perception, two to three-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
For depth perception, five to 12-month-old babies show sensitivity to:
Size constancy is:
Perception of a true object's size
Perception of your own true size
Perception of the environment around you and its size at any time
Shape constancy is:
Perception of an object's true shape
Perception of your own true shape
Perception of the shape of the environment
Slater (2001) found that newborns have an early understanding of size constancy. Is this true or false?
At what point do human children stop being at risk of the adverse effects of visual deprivation?
2-4 years old
3-5 years old
4-6 years old
5-7 years old
7 years old and above
Is visual perception in 1-month-old kittens permanent when deprived of light for only a few days? (Crair, Gillespie & Stryker, 1998)
If visual deprivation in newborn children is left untreated for the first 6 months of life, the effects are permanent. Is this true or false?
When does the critical period of binocular functioning begin for newborns and peak?
3 months - 1-2 years
5 months - 1-2 years
6 months - 1-2 years
Never
In terms of perceptual vision, newborns:
Can see clearly close-up and across wide ranges
Cannot see clearly, but can across wide ranges
Can see clearly close-up, but not across wide ranges
Cannot see clearly or across wide ranges
Is infant memory for operant responses context-dependent?
Habituation refers to a gradual reduction in the strength of a response due to repetitive stimulation. Recovery refers to:
Even greater reductions in the strength of a response
New stimuli (eg, a change in environment) causing for habituated responses to return at a high level
Is infant learning, when assessed through habituation, context-dependent?
According to research (Bartocci, et al., 2006; Slater, et al., 2010), do preterm and male babies show intense or relaxed activation of sensorimotor areas in the cerebral cortex?
Intense
Reduced
According to research (Axelin, Salanterä & Lehtonen, 2006; Gormaly, et al., 2001), physical touch releases what painkilling chemicals in the brain?
Endorphins
Dopamine
Serotonin
ACh
ATP
Allowing a baby to endure severe pain ________ the nervous system with stress hormones, which can disrupt a child's capacity to handle common everyday stressors (eg, sleep disturbances, feeding problems, difficulty calming down) (Mitchell & Boss, 2002).
Overwhelms
Underwhelms
An adult's soft caresses induces infants to be _____ attentive towards an adult's face (Stack & Muir, 1992).
more
less
Can babies readily learn to have positive responses to tastes that were previously neutral or negative (eg, bitter-tasting formula substitute to cow's milk that they are allergic to)?
Babies show early improvements in vision during their development stages. At 2 months old, they achieve ❌. At 6 months old they gain ❌. Then, at 6 or 7 months old, they obtain ❌.
There is a development of visual acuity in infants. At ❌, they can detect the contrast in Mickey Mouse's ear. At ❌, they have 20:80 visual acuity. At ❌, they develop full vision.
As babies grow, cone cells in the retina:
Elongate
Shrink
At ❌, babies have poor contrast sensitivity and prefer large, simple patterns. At ❌, they can detect the detail in complex patterns and scan for internal features of patterns. At ❌, they can detect patterns that may not really be there. And at ❌, they can detect objects even when two-thirds of the image are missing.
At birth, babies are sensitive to cues. Between 2 and 3 months old, they become sensitive to cues. Finally, as they reach a year old (5 - 12 months), they become sensitive to cues.
There are three cues that babies attend to in their depth perception development. The first is . The second is . The third are .
In the first cue that babies begin to attend, at what point do they understand that 3D objects are not flat?
A month old
2 months old
3 months old
According to Campos (et al., 2000), are infants more or less likely to refuse to cross the deep side of a visual cliff?
More likely to refuse
Less likely to refuse
According to research (Bai & Bertenthal, 1992; Campos, et al., 2000), who is better at remembering object locations and finding hidden objects?
Seasoned crawlers
Inexperienced crawlers
According to Bell and Fox (1996), does crawling promote a new level of brain organisation, as indicated by more organised EEG brainwave activity in the cerebral cortex?
Yes, it does
No, it does not
According to Banks and Ginsburg (1985), contrast refers to:
The difference in the amounts of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
The similarities of light between adjacent regions in a pattern
Hatton (et al., 1997) observed infants with visual acuity issues (eg, 20/800) throughout their preschool years. They found that the infants:
Were far behind their peers in all areas of their development
Were much further behind their peers in only perceptual development, but fine everywhere else
Research has found infants who have severe visual impairments also struggle with motor exploration and spatial understanding (Levtzion-Korach, et al., 2000). What do they have to rely on?
Sound
Parents
Friends
Has research (eg, Preisler, 1991; Bigelow, 2003) found that infants who see poorly also struggle with caregiver interaction? Do they have difficulties reciprocating interactions?
Yes, they do
No, they do not
Some have asserted that infant facial perception is due to a built-in capacity to orient towards members of one's own species (Johnson, 2001; Slater & Quinn, 2001). However, others suggest that this is because:
They prefer any stimulus in the periphery of their visual field (Cassia, Turati & Simon, 2004)
They are socially conditioned to believe that this is what they need to be observing (Jones, et al., 1996)
When a baby is 2 months old, they can scan an entire stimulus and combine pattern elements into an organised whole. Because of this, can they recognise (and do they prefer) their mother's face to another woman's, according to Bartrip, Morton, and De Schonen (2001)?
Do babies prefer their own race according to research (eg, Bar-Haim, et al., 2006; Kelley, et al., 2007)?
Can own-race preferences be erased according to Sangrigoli (et al., 2005)?
Yes, they can
No, they cannot
At first, do infants rely heavily on motion and spatial arrangement to identify objects, according to Jusczyk (et al., 1999) and Spelke and Hermer (1996)?
"As infants become more familiar with many objects and can integrate each object's diverse features into a unified whole, they rely more on shape, colour, and pattern and less on motion (Slater, et al., 2010)" (Berk, 2012, pp. 165). Is this true or false?
It's true
It's false
According to Johnson and Shuwairi (2009) does experience enhance a young infant's predictive eye tracking?
Novelty prefernece refers to:
The tendency to prefer paying attention to new objects or people that have never been seen before
The tendency to prefer paying attention to old objects that have been previously used
According to Berk (2012), do infants from 4 to 11 months increasingly rely on featural information to detect the identity of an object?
At first, do infants attend to form (eg, size and shape) and then surface features (eg, pattern, colour) according to Woods and Wilcox (2009)?
According to Berk (2012), intermodal perception is:
Understanding our senses and perceiving them as a whole
Understanding our senses, and perceiving them as separate and individual
According to Berk (2012), amodal sensory properties are:
Information that is not specific to a single modality, but overlaps with others
Information that is specific to single modality
Newborns can recognise visual objects and distinguish them from others (Sann & Streri, 2007). However, do they only require on exposure to learn the association between the sight and sound of a toy, according to Morrongiello, Fenwick, and Chance (1998)?
No, they need more
According to Bahrick, Hernández-Reif and Flom (2005), are babies biologically primed to focus on amodal information?
Yes, they are
No, they are not
According to Woods and Wilcox (2009), which do children attend to first?
Form (eg, size, shape)
Surface features (eg, pattern, colour)
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