What is the infection rate of influenza in the general population?
10-20%.
5%.
30-80%.
100%.
If a person doesn't have symptoms of influenza, but is infected by the virus, this may be a sign that:
Their body is too strong to worry about influenza.
Their body is not fighting the infection, and interferon is not activating.
Influenza no longer has any symptoms.
Influenza has already destroyed the entire immune system.
Influenza is commonly transmitted by respiratory droplets. One respiratory droplet (from sneezing or coughing) can have up to:
100 virions per droplet.
5,000 virions per droplet.
1,000,000 virions per droplet.
600,000 virions per droplet.
15th century Italian scholars thought influenza was "malathia influenzae per le stelle', or 'a disease influenced by the stars'. This was because:
Influenza is a seasonal virus with predictable peaks.
The rashes on influenza patients looked like constellations.
They thought the gods cursed humanity with influenza.
Influenza was thought to only be transmitted at night under starlight.
During the Spanish Flu, people were primarily 'hospitalized' to:
Undergo treatment procedures.
Quarantine them from uninfected citizens.
Contribute to research.
Catalogue their symptoms.
The Spanish Flu, unlike most common influenza, had an extremely high death rate in this group of people:
Children.
Young adults.
Elderly.
Middle aged.
The influenza virus is:
A segmented virus made out of 8 RNA segments.
A non-segmented virus made out of a DNA strand.
A segmented virus made out of 3 RNA segments.
A non-segmented virus made out of an RNA strand.
Haemagglutinin (HA) is the influenza's way of binding to the cell, and Neuraminidase (NA) is how it cuts itself out of the cell.
Because influenza is an RNA virus with no proofreading mechanisms, it:
Has a high error rate of 1:5,000 nucleotides.
Hijacks the DNA polymerase repair mechanisms.
Is rejected by cells most of the time.
Mutates very slowly and infrequently.
If we were out of flu season, and best wanted to prepare for the influenza strain we would be facing the next flu season, we would:
Try to force the current influenza to mutate, and see what it turns into.
Observe influenza in the opposite hemisphere.
Get everyone vaccinated for the previous year's influenza strain.
Start working on the formula for everlasting summer, so flu season never comes back.
Antigenic drifts are more likely than antigenic shifts to cause pandemics.
A strain of H1N1 from the 1920s, one of the first recorded instances of antigenetic shift, was also known as:
The Spanish flu.
Pertussis.
The Diptherian flu.
The bird flu.
This group of animals experiences the greatest variety of HA and NA subtypes:
Birds.
Cows.
Pigs.
Horses.
Reassortment of a virus is when:
The human genome reassorts its immune system and becomes immune to the virus.
Multiple viruses are mixed together to create a new virus - commonly happens in pigs.
One virus changes from a non-segmented virus to a segmented virus.
A virus adjusts its surface proteins to allow access into cells.
H5N1 attacks the lower respiratory tract. This makes it:
Spread slowly, with high lethality.
Spread quickly, with low lethality.
Spreads slowly, with low lethality.
Spreads quickly, with high lethality.
Before 1997, we had never seen this HA subtype occur in humans:
H1.
H2.
H3.
H5.
Which of the following groups is NOT more likely to have severe symptoms from the seasonal flu?
Immuno-compromised.
Babies.
Elderly over 65 years.
Farmers.
Some of the major causes of influenza virus-associated death are:
Bacterial pneumonia and cardiac failure.
Assassination.
Bacterial pneumonia and exhaustion.
Cardiac failure and dehydration.
Adsorption is when the influenza virus binds to this on the cell surface:
siliac acid.
Oselatamiir.
Neuraminidase.
H1N1.
