The patterned ways in which power is legitimately used in a society to regulate behavior referred to as:
Social structure
Foundational organization
Political organization
Social differences
Elitism
Fear of witchcraft accusations would best be categorized as:
A formal mechanism of justice.
An informal mechanism of social control
A use of psychology by authorities to control unwanted society members
Irrational, since witches do not exist in any society
The best way to avoid being the victim of a witch or sorcerer
A society's political organization is primarily related to:
The ecology of the area that they inhabit.
The degrees of access individuals and groups have to basic material resources.
The presence of powerful individuals within the society
The political organization of neighboring societies
Whether or not they were ever colonized
An important way of resolving conflict in band-level societies involves all of the following except:
Ridicule
Individuals moving from one band to another
Contests between individuals
Public confession
Imprisonment
In a society that is characterized by age grades:
Chiefs control all of the critical material resources
People follow a well-ordered progression through a series of age-related life stages.
Rituals are rarely necessary
People who lack the necessary skills to progress to the next grade are cast out of society
People are very unlikely to make significant investments in warfare
Which of the following best characterizes "ethnic groups"?
A group of families living in a well-defined geographical location
A group of individuals who are, at some level, all biologically related to each other
A group of people who all speak the same language
A gorup of people who all seem to others to look like each other
A group of people who view themselves as sharing an identity that separates them from others in society
The tribal "big man" is an inherited position of leadership
True
False
A tribal society:
Is a creation of Western colonial administrators and not naturally occurring
Imagines all of its members to be related by kinship
Is characterized by peaceful relations among its different segments
Lacks any social mechanisms to hold its different units together
Is constantly in a state of warfare
A religious cosmology, or world view, functions primarily to:
Give meaning and order to the lives of believers
Differentiate primitive from civilized societies
Increase technical control over the physical environment
Increase the upper class' control of the lower class
Keep a society in a constant state of conflict
Prayer and magic are most likely to be used when:
People are superstitious
The outcome of an event is uncertain
People are not Christians
The outcome of an event is certain and the success of the technique is assured
People have sufficient time to carefully consider an event
Use of the world "myth" is problematic in anthropology because:
Many things we call myths are true
Since "myth" is generally used to talk about ancient culture, it is more appropriate to history or archaeology
We tend to use it to describe others' beliefs that we consider false but rarely apply it to our own beliefs
"Myths" generally refer to origin stories but religious tories cover many subjects
The central characters of "myths" are generally hero figures, but understanding these isn't very important in anthropology
The Christian notion that reenacting the Last Supper stands for communion with God is an example of:
Superstition
Science
Prophecy
Magic
Symbolism
A primary function of rites of intensification is to:
Help an individual through a personal crisis
Help a young man in his search for a guardian spirit
Regulate male-female conflict within a society
Reinforce the values and norms of the community and strengthen group identity
Restrain the ghosts of dead people from taking revenge on the living
The purpose of divination is to:
Get in contact with the divine
Find water
Prove that God exists
Find something hidden
Cast a spell on an enemy
A sorcerer who manipulates the fingernails of an intended victim to cause harm to that person is using:
Mythological magic
Contagious magic
Ecological magic
Psychological reductionism
Superstitious magic
In anthropology, the term "priest" refers to:
Anyone who considers themselves a true believer in any religion
A member of the Catholic clergy
A religious leader who claims to be able to personally converse with God
Someone who has made a life-long study of religion
A person formally elected, appointed, or hired to a full-time religious office
_____ is a religious order that contains a combination of different religious
Atheism
Mannerism
Super religion
Philosophical religions
Syncretism
A type of a religious spirit thought of - "As a figure having the thought processes and emotions similar to humans" is known as
Anthropomorphic
Anthropopsychic
Ghosts
Zoomorphic
Naturalistic
A nativistic religious movement is:
An attempt by an economically powerful group to maintain its control of society.
A religious movement that looks to the re-establishment of a past golden age
A series of rituals designed to determine who is and who is not a true member of a group
An ecclesiastical movement to convert nonbelievers
An attempt by the state to impose state religion on its citizens
Which of the following is the most important function of marriage?
Agreement between parties to maximize sexual competition
Creation of a stable environment in which to raise children
Arrangement between families for economic gain
Accord between individuals so that they can obtain political status
Ritual ordained by religion so that the church can endure
If you live in a society that practices exogamy, you must:
Have more than one husband or wife
Get married (no one is allowed to be a single adult)
Marry someone of your own social group
Marry someone of a different social group
Marry someone chosen by your mother's parents
One of the exceptions to the almost universal prohibition on brother/sister marriage was among:
The Toda of India
The Tiwi of Australia
The ancient Hawaiian royalty
The Kipsigis of East Africa
Medieval European royalty
In a system of cross-cousin marriage, a man would be required to marry:
His mother's sister's daughter
His mother's brother's daughter
His father's brother's daughter
A woman with whom he has no blood relations
A member of his own village
When a society practices polygyny:
Most men will have more than one wife
Some men will have more than one wife
Some women will have more than one husband
Most women will have more than one husband
Some men will have more than one wife and some women will have more than one husband
If your society has avunculocal residence, then, after marriage, a new couple will be expected to live with:
The husband's family
The wife's family
The chief's family
Their maternal grandmother's family
The husband's mother's brother's family
Neolocal residence is when a couple can choose to live with either the wife or the husband's family
The practice of _____ is when a man's wife ies, and the deceased woman's sister is given to him as a wife
Levirate
Polygyny
Incestuous union
Sororate
Polyandry
Which of the following post marital residential pattern is usually practiced by people of matrilineal lineage?
Patrilocal
Matrilocal
Neolocal
Avunlocal
Matrilineal
Margaret Mead's study of the Arapesh, Mundugamor, and Tchambuli showed that:
Women in all cultures have the same personality traits
Only in the US are women primarily concerned with child care
The relationship between gender and personality varies with cultural expectations
Where women work, they are more likely to be aggressive
Where women's qualities are valued, men's qualities are likely to be devalued
Men in Andalusia, Spain generally view women as:
Angels
Lustful
Naive
Trustworth
More intelligent than men
The hijra subculture:
Has no connection to the rest of Indian society
Is ignored by Indian society
Was introduced by the British into Indian society
Has disappeared from Indian society
Has a ritual role in Indian society
One of the world's most sexually repressed societies is the:
Inuit
Irish of Inis Beag
Peasant villages of Southern Spain
Arapesh of New Guinea
United States of America
In gender studies, the idea of the public/private dichotomy refers to the notion that:
Behavior of both men and women is different in the public sphere than in the private sphere
Men act differently toward women in the public than they do in private
Women are able to maintain more power over men if their actions are public than if they are private
Private relationships between men and women are threatened by public disclosure
Societies are divided into a private world dominated by women and a public world dominated by men
Which of the following is common in horticultural societies?
Men's cults are closed to women
Women earn their living by market trading
Women control the cash crop, but men control subsistence crops
Men are likely to adopt innovations rapidly, but women are not
Women are key religious leaders
An alternative gender role in Tahiti is known as _____
Berdache
Koho basia
Mahu
Xanith
Hijra
The idea that gender is "constructed" means that:
Most cultures have few expectations about behavior as it relates to gender
In a free society, like the US, we can take on any gender characteristics we like
Masculine and feminine are essentially the same in all cultures, and any differences across cultures are relatively superficial
Gender is established by social norms and values rather than biology
Gender traits are best analyzed with reference to material items, especially the built enviroment
According to the readings in the Elvio book, "The Haitian article" states that Haitians believe that Zombies are the living dead raised from their graves by malevolent ____
French Catholic priests
Nuer sorcerers
Voodoo sorcerers
Traditional African priests
The devil in the Christian faith
According to the Haitians article the case of Clavius who returned to his sister and claimed to be a zombie was unique because
He looked just like a regular person
There is medical record that he actually died at an American directed hospital
Proved that Zombies have good memory
He remember his death and burial
Which of the following correctly defines "bride service"?
A ritual done in many cultures in which a man pledges his daughter to the son of a friend
Payments made by the family of the bride to the family of the groom
Payments made to cover the cost of rituals associated with marriage
Labor preformed by the groom for the family of the bride
Gifts given to a newly married couple, particularly grifts associated with preparing and serving food
Gender has to do with our biological sexual characteristics while our sex is the cultural role assigned to men and women
Which of the following is true of fraternal polyandry in Tibet?
All the brothers are equal in authority
The wife is supposed to favor the elder brother sexually
It is not important to link children biologically to particular brothers
All of the above
As the Kayapo of the Xingu River Basin in Souther America demonstrate, people in non-industrial societies:
Do not understand their enviroment
Have very simple methods for managing their resources
Would be better off with modern technology
Are committed to becoming modernized
Have adapted to their environments without the use of modern science
Historically, the greatest source of environmental degradation has been:
Slash and burn farming practiced by traditional peoples
Consumer desires and energy needs in wealthy nations
Slash and burn farming practiced by modern peasants
Traditional agriculture done without soil erosion control techniques
Collection and burning of wood for cooking fires in large cities in poor nations
The major areas of pastoralism are found in:
East Africa, the Australian desert, and the Canadian arctice
North AMerica, the highlands of South America, and the Pacific Islands
East Africa, Southwest Asia, and the Subarctic
Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa
South American tropical forests, the Australian desert, and North Africa
A critical form of cultural knowledge trypically passed from fathers to elder sons in Maasai society is:
Hunting techniques in a marginal environment
Environmental knowledge and how livestock is moved
Market trade and economic partners
Traditional healing techniques
Means of contacting the supernatural and asking for abundance
Which of the following best illustrates transhumant pastoralism?
The male cattle pastoralists of East Africa have two settlements and move their herds between these, while the women stay in the permanent dwelling year-round
The Saami reindeer herders and their families move across the frozen landscape during the winter months and in the summer take jobs as day laborers
The Yarahmadzai of Iran move with the entire village during the year from settlement to settlement, never knowing where they will be next
The Quechua herd their alpacas from one pasture to another as needed, depending on the climate. They never move their residence.
Rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, more complex state societies are called:
Farmers
Horticulturalists
Agriculturalists
Peasants
Peons
Agriculture is characterized by a:
Simple technology, such as the use of a digging stick
Low population densities when compared with other food getting strategies
Relatively complex techniques of water and soil control
Slashing and burning of forest cover
Nomadic movement of village populations
According to "When Brothers Share a Wife," polyandry in Tibet
is considered detrimental to social structure
is based on the need for population growth
consists of brothers marrying the same woman
causes early death for many women
The yield per person per unit of land is known as the population density
Which of the following was true of hunter-gatherer societies
resources equally distributed
primarily polygamous
centralized leadership
all of the above
none of the above
musha is the money sent back to the village by migrant labor
true
false
the number of individuals supported persquare mile of earth is called maximum capacity of the land
how is pastoralism different from ranching
pastoralists raise their animals on semi-arid grasslands whose vegetation is not a human food source, while ranchers feed their livestock grain, a human food source
while ranchers see their animals of sources of meat and wealth, pastoralists, see their animals as spirits
among the ranching groups animals are fed only grass while in pastoralist groups animals are fed human food on special occasions
ranchers often consider their animals as part of their family whereas vegetation in a pastoral society animals are associated with the spirit world
the integration of resources, labor, and capital into a global network is called ___
production
globalization
sedentism
transhumant tradition
democracy
in a typical, traditional japanese family, according to 'who needs love,' the husband
does not tell his wife that he likes her or thank her for what she does for him
spends very little time with the children
spends little time talking to his wife
the critical elements of any economic system are:
reciprocity, redistribution, and market exchange
production, distribution and consumption
currency, capital, and exchange
government, exchange and consumption
agriculture, trade and taxation
in economics, economizing behavior is
behavior designed to save money for a household
choosing to buy a generic rather than a name brand product
attempting to increase profits by investing savings
only present in capitalistic market economies
making choices in ways believed to provide the greatest benefit
material goods, natural resources or information used to create other goods or information is known as the
econoimc system
consumption resources
distributive resources
productive resources
economizing behavior
among the lacandon maya, an extensive cultivating society:
indivuduals have the right to buy and sell any land use
individuals retain right to land they have cleared even if they leave it fallow
individuals and families must petition the chief yearly for an allotment of land
individuals may not buy and sell land but heads of families may do so
individuals may only gain access to land through inheritance
among extensive cultivators, one of the key factors that determine whether land will be considered exclusive and defended is
contact with western cultures
the types of crops planted
the presence of irrigation works
the presence of warrior societies
the relationship of land and population
peasants generally
own the land that they farm
support a wealthy, landowning class
have higher standards of living than horticultralists
become landowners if the work hard enough
survive only by doing part time factory work for wages
one critical economic difference between a firm and a household is
firms look for profit in their cash transactions, households rarely do
firms have no obligations to the communities in which they are found; households have many
firms have grow with relative ease, but the structure of households limits their growth
firms may expand their size through hiring new members but the membership of a household is fixed
firms usually behave in a manner that is economically rational, households rarely do
marcel mauss, and many other anthropologists, theorized than an important function of gift giving is to:
hold societies together
expand th technological base of a society
build up the economic resources of some families at the expense of other families
provide an outlet for the innate human desire to give and receive gifts
build up the power of the state
generalized reciprocity is the dominant form of exchange in:
foraging societies
pastoral societies
chiefdoms
peasant agricultural societies
state societies
for the trobriand islanders, the central part of the kula trade is:
the opportunity to prove their manhood by taking long sea voyages
trading for types of food that are unavailable on their home island
trading for bracelets and armbands
the opportunity to meet potential mates
the after-parties that accompany all trading
kluckhohn showed when the navajo traded with outsiders
they were extremely careful to be honest and fair
they engaged in silent trade, placing the goods they wanted to trade in the open and accepting whatever their trading partners gave
they were particularly interested in jewelry and less interested in money
it was considered morally acceptable to deceive
they generally got taken
which of the following might a chief at a potlatch be likely to do?
ask god for forgiveness of his sins
brag about his wealth and power
praise the wealth and power of the people he has invited
demand that his followers worship him
demand that those whom he invited give him gifts
which of the following best describes the economics of potlatch of the tribes of the pacific northwest coast
an irrational destruction of valuable property
an imitation of european parties and feasting
the most fundamental reason why these tribes have such a low standard of living
a method increasing productivity and distributing food and goods to a large dispersed population
an expression of a cultural value that emphasizes charity and helping the poor
in mexico, a cargo is
the amount of a handicraft that can be produced in a single day
the requreiment that women carry water and cook food for the family
the quantity of a crop that can be carried from field to village
the obligation of a son-in-law to provide for his wife's parents
a religious office held for a year and requiring substantial financial outlay
today's market exchange system can be characterized by the phrase, 'caveat emptor,' which means;
let the buyer beware
all trade is equal
you break it, you buy it
fair trade is empty trade
heed all warnings
which of the following is one of the fundamental attributes of capitalism
people in capitalist societies sell their labor for wages in order to survive
government plays a very little role in the regulation of the economy
all people in capitalist societies are involved in capitalism
ownership of capital resources is spread roughly evenly throughout the population
people receive approximately the full value of their labor
according to patricia gadsby ('the intuit paradox') the northern food chain is threatened by
global warming
land development
industrial pollutants
as shown in 'the inuit paradox' the eskimo did well on
low protein and low fat diets
high protein and high fat diets
minimal carbohydrates
excessive carbohydrates
a practice, value, or aspect of social organization that results in lessening of the true disparities of wealth in a society is called a(n) ___
productivity mechanism
fairness mechanism
leveling mechanism
foraging mechanism
market mechanism
which kinship system is the matrilineal equivalent of the omaha system?
hawaiian
iroquois
eskimo
sudanese
crow
kinship is important to the study of anthropology because
it explains political rights and obligations for all industrialized societies
it determines the economic system of all societies
it plays the key role in determining rights and obligations in nonindustrial societies
it determines the foundation of all market economies in industrial socities
it is the only social institution present in foraging and tribal societies
a correct conclusion from the chapter regarding kinship in modern, complex societies is that kinship;
has no place in these societies
is more important than other forms of belonging, such as citizenship
is more important as a basis of social relationships than in more traditional societies
plays an important but not central role in establishing rights and relationships
is more important among lower than the upper class
all of the following are basic functions of kinship except:
it reveals who is biologically related to whom
it defines the members of society on which an individual can depend for help
it sets up the transfer of property from one to another generation
it sets up the succession within family as social positions are transferred across generations
it serves as a way of structuring society
in a system of unilineal descent
the grandfather is recognized as the only father
descent groups, which include relatives from both the father's and the mother's side, are formed
a household is composed of a man, his wife, his sons, and their children
a man is not allowed to marry his cousin
an individual belongs to the descent group of either the mother or the father, but not both
traditionally in korean villages, the eldest son inherited most of his parents' property. in erturn, he was required to:
educate his brothers and sisters at the university
worship his parents as ancestors after their death
sell the remaining property at the best price he could get
live in a lavish life style to bring prestige to his family
live in relative poverty, assuring that brothers and sisters were well cared for
all of the following correctly express the differences between a lineage and a clan except:
members of lineage can trace their common ancestors, but members of a clan cannot
members of a lineage tend to live together or near each other, whereas members of a clan tend to be spread over different local communities
members of a lineage recognize a blood tie, whereas members of a clan do not
lineages have primarily domestic and economic functions, whereas clans more frequently have political and religious functions
lineages consist of fewer members than do clans
in modern capitalist societies, people rarely get much of their identity through work
there are ____ types of the reciprocracy exchange system has
2
4
3
7
5
the nuer are a patrilineal society in which clans adn lineages function as a type of political structure. this is called:
a segmentary lineage system
a segementary corporate system
a unilineal political system
a bilateral lineage system
political usufruct rights
in a matrilineal society:
there is no concern over who the child's biological father is
women occupy the politically important positions
inheritance and succession pass from the mother's brother to her son
men are afraid of women
marriages are extremely stable
in a system of double descent, as among the yako of nigeria:
kinship is of no importance, and one can call on whichever individuals one wants for aid
an individual belongs to the patrilineal group of the father and the matrilineal group of the mother
kinship is important, but there are no corporate kin groups
kinship is doubly important, because there are no other units of cooperation
each married couple makes a join decision about whose kin they will live with
a kinship system in which the establishment of rights and obligations is based on both maternal and paternal lines is called a:
bilateral system
patrilineal system
clan system
lineage system
kindred system
in northern india, much of the undelrying logic of the kinship sytem is based on all the following except:
relative age
heirarchy
flexibility
patrilineality
bifurcation
the system used for classifying kin in the us includes distinctions based on:
generation, relative age, and collaterality
sex of linking relative, bifurcation, and generation
generation, consanguineal versus affinal kin, and sex of linking realtive
bifurcation, relative age, and generation
consanguineal versus affinal kin, gender and generation
in comparison to the us, in japan married couples are expected to
be more patient with each other
have a great deal in common
like each other
parallel cousins are found in the iroquois system of kinship and are defined as
mothers sisters children or fathers brothers children
motehrs brothers children or fathers sisters children
mothers brothers children or fathers brothers children
mothers sisters children or fathers sisters children
cousins that are descended fro the same ancestor
one critical factor that distinguishes anthropology from other fields of study is:
its emphasis on rigorous experimentation and analysis of data
its exclusive focus on non-western cultures
its use of theories aof biological evolution to explain human behavior
its interest in describing humankind throughout time and in all parts of the world
its focus on the discovery of a single human nature
the sapir-whorf hypothesis suggest that:
the best way to study language is with subjects in a laboratory
the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers perceive reality
the ability tot use language determines an individuals intelligence
formal education increases vocabulary
there is no connection between language and other aspects of culture
one of the critical goals of cultural anthropology as an academic discipline is to:
describe, analysis and explain different cultures
increase the level of culture in particular human societies
place large numbers of cultural anthropologists in political offices
determine the direction of human evolution
increase the number of cultural anthropology students in universities
to say that anthropology is holistic means that anthropologists are particularly interested in:
objects and acts regarded as holy by various peoples
the whole personality of any particular individual
the integration of biological, sociocultural, and environmental factors in explaining human behavior
studying every culture in the world
the efforts to find holes in particular theories
which of the following correctly identifies the sub-disciplines of anthropology?
archaeology, anthropometry, cultural anthropology, paleontology, and cultural relativity
archaeology, cultural anthropology, cognitive anthropology, ethno-history, and linguistics
archaeology, ethno-history, anthropometry, structural anthropology, and cultural anthropology
archaeology, cultural anthropology, physical anthropology, applied anthropology, and linguistics
archaeology, phonology, medical anthropology, development studies, and cultural anthropology
accoridng to alra deeb and jessica winegar ('the september 11 effect on anthropology'), middle east anthropologists have come under greater surveillance and suspicion primarily with respect to research related to the
war in iraq
war in afghanistan
conflict in israel-palestine
war on terror
which of the following correctly compares culture and society?
while all human beings have culture, not all cultures are also societies
while all human beings live in societies, not all societies are cultured
while culture refers to art and literature, society refers to production technologies and religions
each person born into a group is automatically a member of its culture, but people must be invited into societies
while culture refers to values, traditions, and lifeways, society refers to social relationships, statuses and roles
culture in anthropology refers to:
civilized behavior such as good manners
complex social structures including the development of cities and centralized governments
a highly developed individual taste in the arts, literature, and music
the way humans adapt to the enviromemnt and give meaning to their lives
the presence of religion, art, and literature in some societies
an emic approach to the study of culture is one that emphasizes:
the description of a culture from the point of view of a member of the culture
the comparison of similar parts of different cultures
studying the agricultural technology and ecological adaptation of a culture
the notion of a cultural evolution
search for general laws or princples that can be applied to all human cultures
anthropologists healther horst and daniel miller studied high levels of cellphone use among jamaicans in two different communities. which of thefollowing statements best illustrates why jamaicans use cell phones so regularly?
they are used to engage in long casual conversations about daily life
they are used primarily to create social networks and request needed resources
they are used as emergency technology in case the individual is in any kind of danger
they are used primarily among young people who are dating via cell phone
according to deeb and winegar, palestine is the number one cause of persecution of faculty in the classroom
human's capacity for culture is based on our unique biology
early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called:
armchair anthropologists
novices
native anthropologists
secondhand anthropologists
early scholars
lewis henry morgan and edward tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of:
franz boas
charlies darwin
bronislaw malinowski
margaret mead
carolus linnaeus
how would you describe lewis henry morgan's and edward tylor's evolutionary theories
it is the study of how humans have changed from simple to complex communication and transportation systems
it is the study of how societies have harnessed more energy for production over time
it is the study fo how the human body has changed physically from earlier to later forms, sometimes even changing species
it is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and socila institutions to complex ones
it is the study of ow native people classify their natural world
lewis henry morgan and edward tylor classified small-scale societies as:
savage
barbarian
primitive
childlike
civilized
all of the following are associated with franz boas, except
he was a critic of evolution
he was the first professor of anthropology at columbia university
he was a champion of human rights
he did his fieldwork in the trobriand islands
he trained a generation of us fieldworkers
applying ones own cultural standards of value, worth and morality to another culture is called:
ethnocentrism
participant observation
cultural relativism
ethnography
postmodernism
studies of the ways in which children learn language show that:
a language must be consciously taught; otherwise a child will not learn it
children in different societies learn to speak their native languages at different ages because some langauges are harder to learn than others
formal education is requried for a child to learn to speak his or her native language grammatically
human beings have an inborn predisposition for learning language and will speak grammatically even if not taught to do so
boys learn to speak much earlier than girls
boas nsisted that anthropologists must value a culture on its own terms. this idea is called:
logical postiivism
phenomenology
dualism
which of the following has been a hallmark of american anthropology?
ethnology
multiculturalism
holism
how is malinowski's approach to the study of cultures different from boas?
malinowski was an evolutoinist and boas was a critic of evolutionism
their approachers are similar, except that franz boas did not actually carry out fieldwork
boas focused on teh study of child-rearing, while malinowski focused on the study of history and body measurements
malinowski emphasized the notion of function in society, whileboas focused on teh study of history and adaptation of culture
boas focused on the study of history and adaptation, adn malinowski focused on the study of child-rearing
there is evidence that exposing people to foul smells can affect
their attitude towards gays
the way they vote
their attitudes towards ethnic minorities
which of the following emotions seem to be the most important in swaying a jury?
disgust
anger
fear
pride
the function of an institutional review board(irb) is to:
certify and approve departments of anthropology
suggest disciplinary actions against researchers who violate ethical standards
approve, monitor and review all university research involving human subjects
review articles submitted to academic journals prior to publication
fund anthropological research
which of the following isnot a subsystem of language?
symbology
phonology
morphology
syntax
semantics
according to 'where fat is a mark of beauty,' a stay in teh fattening room in nigeria is
essential to every youth's cultural education in parts of nigeria
undertaken between the ages of five and seven
a rite of passage between maidenhood and womanhood
traditional for nigerian brides
among the efik of nigeria, a woman's 'rotundity' is a sign of
good health
prosperity
allure
a child raised outside of human society and culture would be:
entirely normal except for a lack of language
rapidly able to participate in normal culture once allowed a chance
innnocent, unable to lie, cheat or dissemble
craftier, more logical, and more violent than a cultured individual
completely unable to understand culture
one of the earliest definitions of human culture is that 'complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.' who introduced this definition?
margaret emad
pierre bourdieu
sir edward tylor
anthropologists consider that all of the following are characteristics of culture except:
practiced by as few as one individual
patterned and integrated
in some way adaptive
made up of learned behaviors
involving symbols
in english, bit and pit have different meansings. thus the /b/ and /p/ are:
words
sounds
morphemes
structures
phonemes
theoretical perspective is critical in anthropology because:
theory does not tolerate diverse opinions
it allows us to explore difference perspectives
anthropology must be similar to other sciences
not every researcher is capable of understand culture
anthropology is a democratic science
the theory of sociobiology views a culture as
the visible expression of genetic coding
as a way for members of society to understand who they are
the mechanism that drives individuality and self-expression
the result of little other than its own history
a result of the sum total of personalities that makes it up
social birth refers to
the biological act of giving birth through a social ritual
the ceremonial transition from childhood to adolescence
the spiritual awakening of an individual through the complete of his or her designated rite of passage
the point where a person is considered a human being and a member of human society
the event where women collectively give birth in a social setting
in which society are some children believed to be born chichuru(spirit children) if they have physical abnormalities?
western brazil
northeastern ghana
northern africa
eastern south america
southwestern europe
bound morphemes differ from free morphemes in which of the following ways?
the former have strictly one meaning, the latter have more than one meaning
the former occur either in nouns or in verbs but never in both, while the latter may occur in both
the former never stand alone as complete words; the latter do
the former can be pronounced only one way, while the latter may have more than one pronunciation
the former exist in all human languages; the latter exist in English only
anthropologists consider that the concept of humaness and the recognition of human status is
a biological designation
a sociological achievement
a cultural designation
patterned and integrated throughout cultures
a cultural universal
which of the following best defines the concept of enculturation?
it is the process of being born and raised within a human society
it is a ritual in which the individual is formally introduced to society
it is the process of learning to be a member of a particular cultural group
it is the outcome of two cultures coming into contact and adapting to each other
it is the sum of all behaviors that an individual learns in childhood
human speech is infinitely productive. this means that
humans can combine words into new, meaningful utterances that they have never heard before
human beings never become tired of talking
the more human beings talk, the more productive they are economically
every normal adult can produce an infinite number of sounds
human speech is always directed toward some productive purpose
all of the following are characteristics that are emphasized in inuit enculturation except:
violence
cooperation
emotional restraint
physical acuity
independence
an anthropological perspective that focuses on culture as the principal force in shaping the typical personality of a society is called:
sociobiology
culture and personality theory
personification theory
structuralism
symbolic anthropology
charles hockett argues that the following two steps were critical in the evolution of human language:
productivity and displacement
displacement and blending
blending and dual structure
blending and duality of patterning
duality and pattern and producitivity
anthropologists who are interested in the ways in which people in different cultures classify their world often use a theory called:
interpretive anthropology
ethnoscience
functionalism
structural anthropology is largely concerned with:
the ways in which people build houses and public buildings
the ways that biology and culture interact
the ways in which different parts of asingle culture affect each other
the ways in which members of different cultures classify and understand their environments
underlying patterns of thought common to all humanity
human children appear to be pgrammed to learn language instinctively before the age of
6 months
3 years
6 years
12 years
21 years
all of the following are characteristics of cultural symbols except:
they contain codnensed meanings
they are used to create meaning
they can be both objects and ideas
they are used to store information
they are easily defined
many linguists argue that there is a universal grammar. this is:
a set of words that means the same thing in every language
a set of principles, conditions and rules that underlie all languages
a single word orderin which different parts of speech must appear in all languages
a simple way of speaking that can be understood by everyone all over the world
an alphabet in which all languages and the sounds that make them up can be written
nacirema ritual centers around:
health and cleanliness
pigs and warfare
canoes and trading
garden magic
