The model of the machine

type and precision of the stimulation needed

The kind of and strength of electoral pulse

The duration of the test

Determining the casual involvement of a brain region

To test clinical drugs

To visualize brain structures

To disable glial cells

This option is available in Victoria (e.g., the Victoria Clinic) for depression

Shock therapy and hyponosis

To disable a problematic part of the brain permantly

To subdue a distressed person to sleep

It is cheap and relatively easy to conduct

Temporal resolution is sound

A and B

The patient is conscious

You don't have to be trained to use it

the control and experimental task

the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions

the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down

the control, experimental task and a task to demonstrate the instructions and a task to calm them down and another to measure the size/dynamics of the brain

Testing the ability of post trauma patients

Healing parts of the brain

Teach post trauma patients to rewire thier neurons

To study components of well established cognitive processes

Signals in the sulci are harder to detect than from gyri, and may additionally be masked by the signals from the gyri

A and D

The poor spacial resolution makes it difficult to determine location of ERP

The orientation of the neurons determines the sign of the recorded potentials - Some orientations lead to signals which cannot be recorded.

fMRI doesn't need radiation

fMRI is cheaper and easier to use

fMRI the patient can be awake

fMRI allows for 3D views of the brain

Blood Oxygen Level-Dependent
Because the brain sends so much blood to the active area, the oxygen content of the blood actually increases

The type of scanning signal

Blood Oxygen Leverage-Dependent
The net gradient in change that occurs when brain activity spikes and the brain loses oxygen

Blood Oxytocin Level-Dependent
Because the patent is nervous, we accept a level of oxycotin spike and compare it against the normal rate

if two neural events occur within about two seconds of each other, the BOLD fMRI responses to the two events will become confused. Maximum temporal resolution is about 2 seconds.

f a given neuron “requests” more blood, all neighbouring neurons within about 1 mm of it will receive an increased blood flow.
Thus, if two neural events occur within 1 mm of each other, BOLD fMRI will not be able to distinguish them.

A and B

neither: BOLD measurement compensates for these flaws

The patient may be claustrophibic

Any ferromagnetic object brought too close will literally fly into the magnetic, destroying whatever is inside the magnet (e.g. the patient)

The liquid hydrogen could leak

None of the above

Getting he procedure wrong can resultin patient brain injury

None of the below: the process is molecular

The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity, thus we drip feed signals and see how long it takes for the brain to stop responding completely

The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.
we excite the brain with an RF pulse.

Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.

By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.

we excite the brain with an RF pulse.

Then we measured the RF pulse emitted in turn by the brain.

By measuring how long the brain’s RF pulse takes to decay we can infer the neural activity in that region of the brain.

The slower the decay rate, the greater the neural activity.

Multiple Comparisons Problem- multiple comparisons problem: the more t tests you do, the greater chance there is of reporting a false positive, solved by preforming a Bonferoni Correction test

All answers are correct

Over Interpretation of Null Results: the failure to prove that a given brain area is involved in a particular task does not prove that the brain area is not involved in the task

Non-independent sample selection : use different scanning sessions for the identification and testing of the ROI.

Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
glutamate, due to a reduction in GABA

Inhibitory-excitatory balance: GABA and
glutamate, due to a reduction in glutamine

Neurons going through apoptosis at an alarming rate

None of the above

Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness)
AND Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but not
Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

Recurrent unprovoked seizures originating
from medial (middle/inner or lateral towards the outside temporal lobe”
Not, Simple partial seizures (without loss of awareness) but actually
Complex partial seizures (with loss of awareness)

None of the above

necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
Information is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage.

Information is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage.

necessary for relational memory tasks eg Paired Associate Learning tasks
Information is integrated in sensory systems,
sent to hippocampal formation for long-term
storage.
Connecting to the temporal neocortex

all of the above

27 y.o. man with severe temporal
lobe epilepsy
Underwent bilateral
resection of extensive amount of
medial temporal tissue. Normal attention span, preserved
intelligence
Retrograde memory essentially recovered
over time. Severe anterograde amnesia
– Declarative Declarative memory: conscious access to
information learned previously. Severely impaired vs. procedural memory: remembering ‘how to’. Was ok.

27 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s

Suffered DAT and diagnosed with the disease after memory assessment

50 year old man who suffered a serious injury by an iron rod piercing his head and frontal cortex
This led to severe changes in his personality in the 50s

result in declarative memory impairment

result in declarative memory impairment and procedural memory

damage to episodic and procedural memory

damage to rely to the amygdala

They investigated error processing by applying TMS during the time window of the ERN.

They investigated the effects of TMS over primary visual cortex on the perception of letter stimuli. 

They investigated the effects of TMS over prefrontal cortex on the perception of letter stimuli.

They investigated the effects of TMS over primary motor cortex on mental rotation

2 ms

20 ms

200 ms

2000 ms

It involves ingesting a radioactive isotope.

The machine may cause people to feel claustrophobic.

Patients must fast before having an fMRI scan.

It should not be administered to patients with epilepsy.

10μV to 100μV

1000μV to 100000μV

20μV to 200μV

1μV to 10μV

The "probing excitability" approach

The injection of "neural noise"

The "simultaneous-pulse approach"

The creation of a "virtual lesion"

an inhibitor that binds to receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, preventing the uptake of glutamate.

lesions to the medial or lateral temporal lobe.

oversecretion of glutamate.

a reduction in GABA uptake.

The temporal resolution is good 

It is not biased to signals generated in superficial layers of cerebral cortex 

The spatial resolution is good 

Signals from the sulci are easy to detect 

anterograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.

retrograde amnesia; could not remember events from before the incident but could create new memories.

anterograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury.

retrograde amnesia; had access to long-term memory from before the incident but was unable to create new memories post injury

Probable AD

Definite AD

Possible AD

Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type

TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire towards the anterior and posterior sections of the brain

TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire randomly

TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire in a path align with the magnetic field path

TMS-induced current causes all neurons within a circumscribed area of cortex to fire all in the same direction

ionising radiation

seizure

strong magnetic field

there is no danger associated with fMRI

the oxygen level in the blood

the magnetic field of the brain 

the neural activity in the brain 

Retrograde memory 

Intelligence and attention span 

Anterograde memory formation 

Temporal lobe epilepsy 

emotional memory impairment 

verbal memory impairment 

non-verbal memory impairment 

visual memory impairment 

Autosomal Recessive

Autosomal Dominant

X-Linked Recessive

None of the above

a form of malfunctioned nuerotransmitter

A fault in an action potential where it hyperpolizerses for too long

When an axon of cell A…excites cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change takes place in one or both cells so that A’s efficiency as one of the cell’s firing B is increased” Cell B responds more vigiously to cell A next time

A form of neuron death

a result of procedual memory; explicit and implicit memory

Accumulation of facts/data derived from learning experiences
outcome of processing by various processing systems, which feed the hippocampal formation; Semantic and Episodic

Declarative memory is the result of episdic/semantic memory processes

Is relational/connective in nature, links between memories rent context based and thus 2 divisions dont exist

Serial models

Parralel models

Episodic memory is an extension of semantic memory

Semantic memory is in charge of episodic memory

Retrieval can be supported by either system

A and C are correct

Yes

No

Genetic mutation causing early onset DAT (Autosomal dominant)

Having DS

Head injury

All of the above

PrAD, unlike probA, is assessment in life, the other after death

In possible AD, the patient has been by a neuropsychologist if there is variance in the presentation of symptoms, whereas probable AD simply involves the presentation of non-amnesia symptoms

There is no difference; on is a continuation of the other

Possible AD is assessed by the family, probable by a professional

All of the below

Glial cell proliferation

Severe Degradation of neutrons

Senile plaque formation

MTL impairment (Antero-retrograde memory)

Prefrontal cortex degradation

PTL impairment (word finding difficulties)

Paritial lobe (visiospacial difficulties)

All of the below

Word finding difficulties due to posterior temportall lobe damage

Visiospacial difficulties suggest parietal tlobe damage

Recognition and recall memory impairment suggesting MTL impairment

Is made up of the entorhinal and perirhinal cortices

Is part of the lateral temporal lobes

Includes the dentate gyrus and subiculum

None of the above

Has taught us much about the semantic memory system

Usually causes seizures that are barely noticeable to an observer

None of the these

Is not usually associated with memory impairment

The frontal lobes incorporate primary memory systems

The frontal lobes are essential for relating arbitrarily related pieces of information

Damage to the thalamus is unlikely to result in memory impairment

All of the above

Explains autonoetic awareness

Describes longterm depression

Describes longterm potentiation

Explains why depression can cause memory impairment

true

false

depends on the subject

depends on the scanner

It describes how excitatory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of increased stimulus frequency

It brings about temporary chemical changes that underpin memory function

It only occurs in the temporal lobes and proves that this is the site of primary memory function

It describes how inhibitory post synaptic potentials increase as a result of decreased stimulus frequency

Are the same thing as declarative and procedural memory

Are distinguished partially on the basis of whether conscious recollection is used

Are useful concepts in understanding human amnestic syndromes

Both requrie that the learning and recall environments are the same

0.1 mm

1 mm

10 mm

none of the above

Revealed important insights about the role of the frontal lobes in memory

Demonstrated that the lateral temporal neocortex is essential for semantic memory function

Indicated that episodic memory and semantic memory can show a single dissociation in performance during encoding

None of the above

Is “knowledge memory”

Makes it possible to acquire and retain factual information

Does not involve autonoetic awareness

All of the above

and semantic memory are both memory systems that make mental "time travel" possible, according to Tulving

Contains semantic memory within it

Relies on the hippocampal circuit

All of the above

the multiple comparisons problem

statistical relevance

the non-independent sample selection bias

the problem of over-interpreting a null result

Cannot be diagnosed during life

Is the dementing syndrome associated with Alzheimer’s disease

Can be successfully treated with anti-epileptic drugs

Is the process of normal ageing speeded up

hydrogen atoms

hydrogen nuclei

oxygen atoms

oxygen nuclei