Semester 2 Chem Review

The separate oxidation and reduction equations are called half-reactions oxidation reduction oxidized reduced nuclear pure elements solution double displacement( half-reactions, oxidation, reduction, oxidized, reduced, nuclear, pure elements, solution, double displacement ).

Electrons are rarely oxidized reduced reduction oxidation( rarely, oxidized, reduced, reduction, oxidation ) found unattached to atoms. Thus, for one element or compound to lose electrons and be oxidized rarely reduced oxidation reduction( oxidized, rarely, reduced, oxidation, reduction ), another element or compound must be there to gain the electrons and be reduced rarely oxidized oxidation reduction( reduced, rarely, oxidized, oxidation, reduction ). In other words, oxidation rarely oxidized reduced reduction( oxidation, rarely, oxidized, reduced, reduction ) (loss of electrons) must be accompanied by reduction rarely oxidized reduced oxidation( reduction, rarely, oxidized, reduced, oxidation ) (gain of electrons).

In single-displacement reactions, atoms of one element in a compound are displaced (or replaced) by atoms from a(n) pure element half-reactions rarely oxidized reduced oxidation reducation nuclear solution double displacement( pure element, half-reactions, rarely, oxidized, reduced, oxidation, reducation, nuclear, solution, double displacement ).

Another factor that affects the actual yield is a reaction's rate. Sometimes a reaction is so slow fast equilibrium reversible solute solvent( slow, fast, equilibrium, reversible, solute, solvent ) that it has not reached the maximum yield by the time the product is isolated.

If a calculation calls for you to convert from an amount of one substance in a given chemical reaction to the corresponding amount of another substance participating in the same reaction, it is an equation stoichiometry slow fast reversible equilibrium solute solvent solution( stoichiometry, slow, fast, reversible, equilibrium, solute, solvent, solution ) problem.

Molarity (abbreviated M) is defined as moles of solute solvent solution slow fast stochiometry reversible( solute, solvent, solution, slow, fast, stochiometry, reversible ) per liter of solution solute solvent stoichiometry slow fast reversible( solution, solute, solvent, stoichiometry, slow, fast, reversible ).

There are many reasons why the actual yield in a reaction might be less than the theoretical yield. One key reason is that many chemical reactions are significantly reversible fast slow equilibrium forward solute solvent solution stoichiometric( reversible, fast, slow, equilibrium, forward, solute, solvent, solution, stoichiometric ).

Even if 100% of the limiting reactant proceeds to products, usually the product still needs to be separated reversible added equilibrium slow fast( separated, reversible, added, equilibrium, slow, fast ) from the other components in the product mixture (excess reactants, products of side reactions, and other impurities). This process generally leads to some loss of product.

The particles in a gas are constantly colliding with the walls of the container and with each other. Because of these collisions, the gas particles are constantly changing their direction of motion velocity force acceleration solute solvent molarity point-masses( motion, velocity, force, acceleration, solute, solvent, molarity, point-masses ) and their velocity motion force acceleration point-masses solute solvent( velocity, motion, force, acceleration, point-masses, solute, solvent ).

Each time a gas particle collides with and ricochets off one of the walls of its container, it exerts a(n) force pressure motion velocity acceleration separate point-masses( force, pressure, motion, velocity, acceleration, separate, point-masses ) against the wall. The sum of the forces of these ongoing collisions of gas particles against all the container's interior walls creates a continuous pressure upon those walls.

The particles of an ideal gas are assumed to be point-masses force motion velocity acceleration pressure pure elements( point-masses, force, motion, velocity, acceleration, pressure, pure elements ), that is, particles that have a mass but occupy no volume.

If the difference in electronegativity between two atoms is greater than 1.7, we expect the bond between them to be ionic nonpolar covalent polar covalent metallic( ionic, nonpolar covalent, polar covalent, metallic ).

Weaker attractions between particles lead to a(n) higher lower limited attract repel separate( higher, lower, limited, attract, repel, separate ) rate of evaporation.

The higher an element's electronegativity, the greater its ability to attract repel higher lower separate( attract, repel, higher, lower, separate ) electrons from other elements.

The temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atmosphere is called its normal boiling point freezing point melting point deposition point sublimation point( boiling point, freezing point, melting point, deposition point, sublimation point ).

Nonpolar substances are likely to dissolve in nonpolar solvents polar solvents soluble products insoluble products anions cations( nonpolar solvents, polar solvents, soluble products, insoluble products, anions, cations ).

If more than 10 grams of a substance will dissolve in 100 milliliters (or 100 g) of solvent, the substance is considered soluble insoluble polar nonpolar miscible organic inorganic( soluble, insoluble, polar, nonpolar, miscible, organic, inorganic ).

If more than 10 5 0( 10, 5, 0 ) grams of substance will dissolve in 100 milliliters (or 100 g) of solvent, the substance is considered soluble.

If we need to predict the relative water solubility of two similar molecules, we can expect the one with the proportionally larger small non insoluble organic inorganic( larger, small, non, insoluble, organic, inorganic ) polar portion to have higher water solubility.

Substances composed of small larger miscible temperature organic inorganic( small, larger, miscible, temperature, organic, inorganic ) polar molecules are usually soluble in water.

The net rate of solution depends on three factors: surface area of the solute amount of mass perimeter of the substance solubility insolubility( surface area of the solute, amount of mass, perimeter of the substance, solubility, insolubility ), degree of agitation or stirring, and temperature.

Is the following a pair of isomers or different representations of the same thing?
Isomers The same thing( Isomers, The same thing )

Is the following a pair of isomers or different representations of the same thing?
Isomers The same thing( Isomers, The same thing )

Is the following a pair of isomers or different representations of the same thing?
The same thing Isomers( The same thing, Isomers )

The digestion of proteins begins in the stomach. The acidic denaturation polymer ester alkyne small section( acidic, denaturation, polymer, ester, alkyne, small section ) conditions there weaken the links that maintain the protein molecules' tertiary structure. This process is called denaturation acidic polymer ester alkyne small section( denaturation, acidic, polymer, ester, alkyne, small section ), because the loss of tertiary structure causes a corresponding loss of the protein's "natural" function.

The following structure represents a(n) alkyne alkane alkene( alkyne, alkane, alkene ).

When a(n) small section large piece ester amine acidic polymer denaturation( small section, large piece, ester, amine, acidic, polymer, denaturation ) of an organic molecule is largely responsible for the molecule's chemical and physical characteristics, that section is called a functional group.

When an atom undergoes positron emission, the mass number (or nucleon number) of the resulting atom stays the same increases decreases( stays the same, increases, decreases ).

Because the amount of energy released gained stays the same increases decreases( released, gained, stays the same, increases, decreases ) when a nucleus is formed is a reflection of the strength with which nucleons are bound, it is called the atom's binding energy.

There appears to be something stable about having 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, or 126 protons or neutrons. The nuclides with double magic numbers a single magic number a decrease of 4( double magic numbers, a single magic number, a decrease of 4 ) have very high stability.

When an atom undergoes alpha emission, the mass number (or nucleon number) of the resulting atom decreases by 4 increases by 2 doubles triples decreases by 2 increases by 4( decreases by 4, increases by 2, doubles, triples, decreases by 2, increases by 4 ).

It takes about 10,000 0 100 1000 100,000( 10,000, 0, 100, 1000, 100,000 ) times as much energy to remove a proton or a neutron from the nucleus of a hydrogen-2 atom as to remove its one electron.

Beta particles Alpha particles Positron emmision Gamma rays Electron capture( Beta particles, Alpha particles, Positron emmision, Gamma rays, Electron capture ) from a source outside the body can penetrate the outer layers of the skin, but they will be stopped before they reach the vital organs.

For atoms smaller than larger than increasing decreasing released gained( smaller than, larger than, increasing, decreasing, released, gained ) iron-56, energy is released when smaller atoms combine to form larger ones.

For atoms larger than smaller than gains loses increases decreases( larger than, smaller than, gains, loses, increases, decreases ) iron-56, splitting larger atoms to form more stable, smaller atoms releases energy.